Dày Yät Tiu 第一条 Yantyant sänk yi jìyaw, hãy jeünyim tonk keunlèy seòng yätlòt penkdãnk. 人 人生而自由,在尊严和权利上一律平等。 Kóydèy fûyáw léysênk tonk leongsämp, bènk yënkgöi yí hënkdày guänhày gê jënksant seöng dôydòi. 他们赋有理性和良心,并应以兄弟关系的精神相对待。 Article
1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They
are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one
another in a spirit of brotherhood.
All
human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another
in a spirit of brotherhood.
This
is an attempt to write Cantonese phonemically making use of the
Vietnamese script (quốc ngữ). Notice that we are not trying to follow
the Vietnamese orthography, but only trying to make use of the rich
vowel diacritics which happen to meet the need of the Cantonese vowel
system.
Initials (or onsets) are initial consonants of possible syllables.
The following is the inventory for Standard Cantonese as represented in
the proposed script followed by IPA:
Finals (or rimes) are the remaining part of the syllable after the
initial is taken off. There are two kinds of finals in Cantonese,
depending on vowel length. The following chart lists all possible
finals in Standard Cantonese as represented IPA according to
traditional analysis:
ɑː
ɛː
iː
ɔː
uː
œː
yː
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
-i / -y
ɑːi
ɐi
ei
ɔːi
uːi
ɵy
-u
ɑːu
ɐu
iːu
ou
-m
ɑːm
ɐm
iːm
-n
ɑːn
ɐn
iːn
ɔːn
uːn
ɵn
yːn
-ŋ
ɑːŋ
ɐŋ
ɛːŋ
ɪŋ
ɔːŋ
ʊŋ
œːŋ
-p
ɑːp
ɐp
iːp
-t
ɑːt
ɐt
iːn
ɔːt
uːt
ɵt
yːt
-k
ɑːk
ɐk
ɛːk
ɪk
ɔːk
ʊk
œːk
Syllabic nasals: [m̩][ŋ̩]
Although that analysis can reduce the number of vowel phonemes to eight, as all vowels beside [ɑː]-[ɐ]
show complementory distribution, it is difficult to explain why the
allophones become short vowels. It should also be noticed that the
vowel in [ɪŋ] and [ɪk] is actually more open than the English counterpart, much closer to [ɪ]. The vowel in [ʊŋ] and [ʊk] is also closer to [o].
We therefore adopt an alternative point of view, that there are in fact
seven long vowels and three short vowels in Standard Cantonese, and
there are three constrasting long-short vowel pairs. The following
chart list that view along with the proposed script.
a [ɑː]
o [ɔː]
e [ɛː]
i [iː]
u [uː]
ơ [œː]
ư [yː]
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Short
Long
Long
Long
Long
-[i] / -[y]
ai [ɑːi]
âi [ɐi]
oi [ɔːi]
ôi [ɵy]
êi [ei]
ui [uːi]
-[u]
au [ɑːu]
âu [ɐu]
ôu [ou]
iu [iːu]
-[m]
am [ɑːm]
âm [ɐm]
im [iːm]
-[n]
an [ɑːn]
ân [ɐn]
on [ɔːn]
ôn [ɵn]
in [iːn]
un [uːn]
ưn [yːn]
-[ŋ]
aŋ [ɑːŋ]
âŋ [ɐŋ]
oŋ [ɔːŋ]
ôŋ [ʊŋ]
eŋ [ɛːŋ]
êŋ [ɪŋ]
ơŋ [œːŋ]
-[p]
ap [ɑːp]
âp [ɐp]
ip [iːp]
-[t]
at [ɑːt]
ât [ɐt]
ot [ɔːt]
ôt [ɵt]
it [iːt]
ut [uːt]
ưt [yːt]
-[k]
ak [ɑːk]
âk [ɐk]
ok [ɔːk]
ôk [ʊk]
ek [ɛːk]
êk [ɪk]
ơk [œːk]
For the syllabic nasals, since we do not have unicode symbols that
provide enough tone marks on "m" amd "ŋ", we tenatively use the vowel
that is left "ă" to mark the "null vowel". So the syllable nasals are:
Standard Cantonese has nine tones in six distinct tone contours.
Tone name
Yin Ping
Yin Shang
Yin Qu
Yang Ping
Yang Shang
Yang Qu
Shang Yin Ru
Zhong Yin Ru
Yang Ru
Contour
55 / 53
35
33
21 / 11
13
22
55
33
22
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7 (1)
8 (3)
9 (6)
Vietnamese script allows six tones, five diactics plus one unmarked
tone. The follow table shows their tone names, tone contours and
correspondence to the Chinese tone system according to James Campbell [1]:
Tone name
ngang (bằng)
huyền
sắc
ngã
hỏi
nặng
Tone mark
a
à
á
ã
ả
ạ
Contour
33
31
35
2ʔ5
214ʔ
21ʔ
Chinese tone
Yin Ping
Yang Ping
Yin Qu, Yin Ru
Yang Shang
Yin Shang
Yang Qu, Yang Ru
Obviously, we had to follow to view to merge the three Cantonese ru
tones to other tones of the same tone contours to make the system work.
We also found following the traditional corresponding to Chinese tones
couter-intuitive for certain tones, for example, "á" may not be a good
choice for the Cantonese yin qu (33) tone. So we aim at
matching tone contours and shape of the diacritics to make them easier
to remember. This is our proposal:
Tone number
Contour
Diacritics
Comment
1
55 / 53
ã
The contour of the Vietnamese counterpart is totally off, but this diacritic is closest to the most desirable macron: ā
2
35
á
Same contour as the Vietnamese counterpart as well as Hanyu Pinyin.
3
33
a
Same contour as the Vietnamese counterpart. Also the most heavily used particle ge can be written without tone marks.
4
21 / 11
à
Similar contour as the Vietnamese counterpart: low falling.
5
13
ả
Question mark implies rising, resembles rising part of the Vietnamese counterpart.
6
22
ạ
Looks like a lower pitch version of the one without tone mark.
發表於 2009-8-29 15:01:10
