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發表於 2012-6-5 22:35:54
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Urdu: اردو
本帖最後由 광동왕국-08 於 2012-6-6 12:17 編輯
應該係Urdoo或Urdu，中文可譯爲【烏突】。
喺香港，有好多南亞裔人士搵食，如印度人、巴基斯坦人，斯里蘭卡人、尼泊爾人等。據佢哋講，
印度人和巴籍人係用Urdu語來溝通；尼泊爾人與印度人交談則用Hindi語；斯里蘭卡與人印度人交談，可用Tamil,Hindi,或English。
Urdu現畤係巴國國語，應在印度的"德里/Delhi"原地發展，其形成過程頗為復雜，有其歷史背景，非三言两語能闡述.
請登入以下網域詳細参閱：
http://www.digplanet.com/wiki/Urdu#Birth_of_Urdu
Urdu (/ˈʊərduː/; Urdu: اردو, IPA: [ˈʊrd̪u] ( listen)) is a register of the Hindi-Urdu language that is identified with Muslims in South Asia.
Urdu is the national language and lingua franca of Pakistan. It is also widely spoken in India,
where it is one of the 22 scheduled languages and an official language of five states.
Based on the Khariboli dialect of Delhi, Urdu is developed under the influence of Persian, Arabic, and Turkic over the course of almost 900 years.
It began to take shape in what is now Uttar Pradesh, India during the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1527),
and continued to develop under the Mughal Empire (1526–1858). Urdu is mutually intelligible with Standard Hindi (or Hindi-Urdu) spoken in India.
Both languages share the same Indic base and are so similar in phonology and grammar that they appear to be one language.
The combined population of Hindi and Urdu speakers is the fourth largest in the world.
Mughals hailed from the Barlas tribe which was of Mongol origin, the tribe had embraced Turkic and Persian culture, and resided in Turkestan and Khorasan.
Their mother tongue was the Chaghatai language (known to them as Turkī, "Turkic") and they were equally at home in Persian,
the lingua franca of the Timurid elite.but after their arrival in the Indian subcontinent,
the need to communicate with local inhabitants led to use of Indic languages written in the Persian alphabet,
with some literary conventions and vocabulary retained from Persian and Turkic; this eventually became a new standard called Hindustani,
which is the direct predecessor of Urdu.
Urdu is often contrasted with Hindi. Apart from religious associations, the differences are largely restricted to the standard forms:
Standard Urdu is conventionally written in the Nastaliq style of the Persian alphabet and relies heavily on Persian and Arabic
as a source for technical and literary vocabulary,whereas Standard Hindi is conventionally written in Devanāgarī and draws on Sanskrit However,
both have large numbers of Persian, Arabic, and Sanskrit words, and most linguists consider them to be two standardized forms of the same language,
and consider the differences to be sociolinguistic, though a few classify them separately.
Mutual intelligibility decreases in literary and specialized contexts which rely on educated vocabulary.
Due to religious nationalism since the partition of British India and continued communal tensions,
native speakers of both Hindi and Urdu frequently assert them to be completely distinct languages,
despite the numerous similarities between the two in a colloquial setting. However, it is quite easy to distinguish differences in vocabulary.
註： Mughal Empire 係蒙兀兒大帝國
Birth of Urdu(烏突語的誕生)
Urdu means "camp" in the Persian language; and Urdu language was the language of the camp when "Nader Shah" of Persia (Iran) invaded India. "Nader Shah" set up his camp in what is now modern day Pakistan, and from here the Hindi speaking Indians and the Persian (Iranian Dialect: Parsi) speaking Iranians (Persians) mingled together and a third language, Urdu was born. It is bridge between the two branches of Indo-Iranian language. Today Urdu has a adapted a lot of Arabic and Persian (Farsi) words in it because of many migrants from Iran and Middle East adapted this language. It is also very welcoming to other international languages; it has adopted certain vocabulary from English.
History of Urdu(烏突語言的歷史)
 
Eastern and Western Hindi (red). Hindi-Urdu
is one of the Western Hindi languages.
The word Urdu is derived from the same Turkish word that has given English horde.[18] Urdu arose in the contact situation which developed from the invasions of the Indian subcontinent by Turkic dynasties from the 11th century onwards, first as Sultan Mahmud of the Ghaznavid empire conquered Punjab in the early 11th century, then when the Ghurids invaded northern India in the 12th century, and most decisively with the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate.
The official language of the Ghurids, Delhi Sultanate, the Mughal Empire, and their successor states, as well as the cultured language of poetry and literature, was Persian, while the language of religion was Arabic. Most of the Sultans and nobility in the Sultanate period were Turks from Central Asia who spoke Turkic as their mother tongue. The Mughals were also Chagatai, but later adopted Persian. Muzaffar Alam asserts that Persian became the lingua franca of the empire under Akbar for various political and social factors due to its non-sectarian and fluid nature.[20] However, the armies, merchants, preachers, Sufis, and later the court, also incorporated the local people and the medieval Hindu literary language, Braj Bhasha. This new contact language soon incorporated other dialects, such as Haryanvi, Panjabi, and in the 17th century Khariboli, the dialect of the new capital at Delhi. By 1800, Khariboli had become dominant.[21]
The language went by several names over the years: Hindawi or Hindī, "[language] of India"; Dehlavi "of Delhi"; Hindustani, "of Hindustan"; and Zaban-e-Urdu, "the language of the [army] camp", from which came the current name of Urdu around the year 1800.
When Wali Mohammed Wali arrived in Delhi, he established Hindustani with a light smattering of Persian words, a register called Rekhta, for poetry; previously the language of poetry had been Persian. When the Delhi Sultanate expanded south to the Deccan Plateau, they carried their literary language with them, and it was influenced there by more southerly languages, producing the Dakhini dialect of Urdu. During this time Hindustani was the language of both Hindus and Muslims. The communal nature of the language lasted until it replaced Persian as the official language in 1837 and was made coofficial along with English in the British Raj. This triggered a Hindu backlash in northwestern India, which argued that the language should be written in the native Devanagari script. This "Hindi" replaced traditional Urdu as the official register of Bihar in 1881, establishing a sectarian divide of "Urdu" for Muslims and "Hindi" for Hindus, a divide that was formalized with the division of India and Pakistan after independence from the British, though there are Hindu poets who continue to write in Urdu to this day.
Although there have been attempts to purge Urdu and Hindi, respectively, of their Sanskrit and Persian words, and new vocabulary draws primarily from Persian and Arabic for Urdu and Sanskrit for Hindi, this has primarily affected academic and literary vocabulary, and both national standards remain heavily influenced by both Persian and Sanskrit.English has exerted a heavy influence on both as a coofficial language.
我亦估計"BAPRE"可能來自錫蘭或孟加拉。
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發表於 2012-5-27 17:35:24
