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《美科院学报》104卷19745-19750页 古代玉器勾勒三千年前东南亚史前交易

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本文用电子探针微量分析检测了来自大量考古发掘的东南亚闪玉类史前遗物，时间跨度从公元前3000到公元第一千年。研究揭示了史前世界中单一矿物类产品的一个最广泛的海洋贸易网络。产自台湾东部的绿闪玉（豐田玉）被用来制作一种特殊形态的耳饰，并在公元前500年到公元500年之间广泛分布于菲律宾、东马来西亚、越南南部和泰国半岛地区，在南海南部和东部海岸线上构成了一个直径达3000公里的环线。其它台湾闪玉史前遗物的分布更早，特别是玉珠和玉镯，广泛出现在新石器时代的台湾，并从台湾带进菲律宾。

　

　

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http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full

Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia

1. Hsiao-Chun Hung^a,^b, 
2. Yoshiyuki Iizuka^c, 
3. Peter Bellwood_d,
4. Kim Dung Nguyen^e, 
5. Bérénice Bellina^f, 
6. Praon Silapanth^g, 
7. Eusebio Dizon^h,
8. Rey Santiago^h, 
9. Ipoi Datanⁱ, and 
10. Jonathan H. Manton^j

+Author Affiliations

1. Departments of ^aArchaeology and Natural History and
2. ^jInformation Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;
3. ^cInstitute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 1-55, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
4. ^dSchool of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;
5. ^eDepartment of Ancient Technology Research, Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam;
6. ^fCentre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7528, 27 Rue Paul Bert, 94204 Ivry-sur-Seine, France;
7. ^gDepartment of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;
8. ^hArchaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; and
9. ⁱSarawak Museum, Kuching, Malaysia

1. Edited by Robert D. Drennan, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, and approved October 5, 2007 (received for review August 3, 2007)

 

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Abstract

We have used electron probe microanalysis to examine Southeast Asian nephrite (jade) artifacts, many archeologically excavated, dating from 3000 B.C. through the first millennium A.D. The research has revealed the existence of one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. Green nephrite from a source in eastern Taiwan was used to make two very specific forms of ear pendant that were distributed, between 500 B.C. and 500 A.D., through the Philippines, East Malaysia, southern Vietnam, and peninsular Thailand, forming a 3,000-km-diameter halo around the southern and eastern coastlines of the South China Sea. Other Taiwan nephrite artifacts, especially beads and bracelets, were distributed earlier during Neolithic times throughout Taiwan and from Taiwan into the Philippines.

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Fig. 1.

Green nephrite jade ornaments and manufacturing debitage. (A–C) Nephrite lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections. (A) Go Ma Voi, Vietnam (Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi). (B) Uyaw Cave, the Tabon Complex, Palawan, Philippines (National Museum of the Philippines, Manila). (C) Duyong Cave, the Tabon Complex, Palawan, Philippines (National Museum of the Philippines, Manila). (D) Double-headed animal nephrite ear pendant from the Philippines (collection of Ramon Villegas, Manila). (E–O) A suggested manufacturing sequence for lingling-o ear pendants, as reconstructed from discarded raw material recovered at Pinglin, eastern Taiwan, and Anaro, Itbayat Island, northern Philippines (these pieces do not come from a single manufacturing event). Stage 1: E is a triangular discard from a cut square preform ≈1 cm thick (F), the intention being to shape an octagonal blank (see I); from Pinglin, eastern Taiwan. Stage 2: G and Irepresent the first bracelet to be drilled from an octagonal blank, in this case, ≈2 cm thick, leaving a round core (H). Presumably, the original bracelet outer diameter exceeded the diameter of available bamboo drills, hence this method of manufacture, allowing the projecting corners to be ground off to give the bracelet a round exterior; from Pinglin. Stage 3: J represents a second (or perhaps third) bracelet drilled from a large core; from Pinglin. Successive bracelet and flat ear ring removals could have continued from this point, until the remaining core became too small to use. Stage 4: Items K–O all come from Anaro, Itbayat, northern Philippines. We infer that some large discs produced by large bracelet manufacture were brought to Anaro from Taiwan, each to become the blank for four lingling-os, drilled in quadripartite fashion (P). O is a drilled core from the center of a lingling-o; K–M are discards from around and between the smaller drilled circles. N is part of a much thinner ring drilled out to help delineate the projections, which were probably drilled finally at 90° to the axis of the core and finished by manual shaping (see A–C).

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Fig. 4.

Chemical compositions of nephrite jade artifacts. (A–E) Chemical compositions of the nephrite jade matrices of studied artifacts from Taiwan (A and B), the Philippines (C and D), and Borneo, Vietnam, and Thailand (E). The x and y axes represent, respectively, Si (atoms per formula unit on the basis of 23 oxygen) and Mg/[Mg+Fe²⁺] ratios, with the ideal chemical formula of calcium amphibole (Ca₂[Mg,Fe]₅[Si,Al]₈O₂₂[OH]₂). Relative standard deviations (1σ) of measurements are shown as error bars. (A) Symbols represent the WDS-EPMA results for 42 artifacts from 17 Taiwan sites. The upper shaded area encloses the chemical compositions of white-colored nephrite jade deposits from China (Liaoning, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Jiangsu Provinces) and Korea (Chuncheon) (11–13). The lower shaded area represents the chemical compositions of green nephrite jade raw materials from the Fengtian deposit (eight hand specimens) and a nearby riverbed (nine hand specimens) in eastern Taiwan (11). The chemical boundary between tremolite and actinolite is marked by the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of 0.90 (SI Table 3). (B–E) Analytical results obtained by the noninvasive LVSEM-EDS technique. The enclosed areas delimit the range of chemical compositions for Fengtian green nephrite jades. (B) Yugang and Guanyindong on Ludao Island, Lanyu High School on Lanyu Island, and Liyushan (Wangan Island) and Nangang (Qimei Island), Penghu Archipelago (12 artifacts from five sites, SI Table 4). (C) Anaro on Itbayat Island, Sunget on Batan Island, Savidug on Sabtang Island, Nagsabaran in the Cagayan Valley, and Kay Daing in Batangas, northern Philippines (30 artifacts from five sites) (SI Tables 4 and 5). The white nephrite (tremolite) artifacts from Uilang Bundok (UB: 1 adze) and Pila (PB: 3 adzes) in Batangas, and 12 adzes and two preforms from H. Otley Beyer's 1940s Batangas collection in the National Museum of the Philippines, are shown as gray symbols. In terms of their mineral chemistry and archaeological contexts, the white nephrites in the Philippines are probably of local origin (14) (SI Table 7). (D) Tabon Caves, Palawan (22 ornaments from nine sites: see SI Table 6). Seven lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections and a single bicephalous (double-headed) animal ear pendant are plotted. (E) Artifacts from Niah Cave (Sarawak), Go Ma Voi (GMV) (central Vietnam), and Khao Sam Kaeo (KSK) in peninsular Thailand are represented here, including the lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections from Niah and GMV (10 ornaments and worked pieces from three sites: see SI Table 4). White to green nephrite artifacts from northern Vietnam (MB, Man Bac; TK, Trang Kenh; XR, Xom Ren; GB, Go Bong; QC, Quy Chu; YB, Yen Bac), from central Vietnam (GMV; GD, Go Dua), and from southern Vietnam (GL, Giong Lon), shown by gray and black symbols, are not of Fengtian nephrite in terms of their mineral chemistry (seeSI Table 7). (F) Chemical compositions of zinc-bearing chromite ([Mg,Fe,Zn][Al,Cr]₂O₄) inclusions in the surfaces of nephrite artifacts, analyzed by the noninvasive LVSEM-EDS technique. Symbols represent the value for zinc oxide (ZnO in wt %) and the Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio for each artifact. Because the chromite in Fengtian nephrite jade bears significant amounts of zinc (2 to 11 wt % in ZnO) (11) in comparison with the other possible nephrite (actinolite/tremolite) jade sources tested (Chara Jelgra, Siberia and Nanshan, Gansu), the Zn content provides a good clue for the identification of Fengtian nephrite.

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