「依字行腔」—中国传统作曲形式浅谈
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转贴者声明</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">本帖观点不代表转贴者的观点</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">.</FONT></SPAN></P><P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转帖</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">] </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转自百度汉语吧</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>1</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">樓</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">原创</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">作者：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><A href="http://tieba.baidu.com/i/18419214?st_mod=pb&fr=tb0_forum&st_type=uname" target=_blank><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#0000ff>清云斋</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>2006-8-3 14:14 </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="COLOR: gray" lang=EN-US><A href="http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=120173672"><SPAN style="COLOR: gray"><FONT face="Times New Roman">http://tieba.baidu.com/f?kz=120173672</FONT></SPAN></A><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #00ccff; FONT-SIZE: 18pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>「</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; COLOR: #00ccff; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">依字行腔</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #00ccff; FONT-SIZE: 18pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」—</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; COLOR: #00ccff; FONT-SIZE: 18pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国传统作曲形式浅谈</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: #00ccff; FONT-SIZE: 18pt" lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><o:p></o:p></FONT></SPAN></B></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">最近在某论坛看到一条帖子，说电视剧《三国演义》的片头曲很古朴动听，有人还说，歌词用的就是《三国演义》开头的词</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">临江仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，因此有人说，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">临江仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这首词就是这么唱的，还得到了不少认同。由此我感到现在国人对中国传统作曲方法很生疏。而传统的中国作曲方法和汉语是有很大联系的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">因此在这里简单谈一谈。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">中国传统作曲方法，简单地说是四个字：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">依字行腔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。我们知道，中国人做律诗、律句等时，非常讲究音韵美，而汉语有一个区别于其他语种的重要特征就是具有音韵美，而音韵美是怎么产生的呢？就是因为汉字有声调。古汉语的声调是四种：平、上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(shǎng)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">、去、入，现代汉语也是四声：阴、阳、上、去。旧人在词作曲时，除了要求旋律的动听外，也必须保证音韵美，因此，在作曲时，歌词中每个字的声调都必须考虑到，某个字是平声，那唱出来也必须是平声，是上声，唱出来也必须是上声，去声、入声也是如此。所谓字正腔圆的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">字正</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是这个意思。在旧时中国，不管是根据韵书创制的戏曲，还是一般的歌曲和用方言演唱的民歌，都必须遵循这条原则。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"></SPAN><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">而西洋作曲方法呢，因为西方语言没有声调，因此在作曲时，只要考虑到旋律的动听，演唱时将歌词填进去就行了。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">清朝末年，西洋作曲法传入中国，一些</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">音乐新人</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">开始将这种作曲方法用于中国。他们所创造的歌曲，就不再考虑到歌词的声调，而是根据歌词谱好曲子后，将歌词直接填进去，我也给这种举措四个字：</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以字就腔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。所以民国初年，中国人刚刚接触到这种歌曲，许多人，尤其是精通音律者就感到很不适应。比如李叔同那首送别的歌，曲子就是根据西洋技法，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以字就腔</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">谱出来的，</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">长亭外，古道边</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">演唱时在很多初次接触到这种作曲法的人耳中，根本就是四声错乱，成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">昌挺歪，古刀扁</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">；还有《松花江上》，其中的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">九一八</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在唱的时候成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">纠尾（这个字北方读</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">yǐ</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">）巴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">，当时，在精通音律者中沦为笑谈。像我一开头举的《三国演义》的片头曲也是，如果按照中国传统的习惯，第一句</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">滚滚长江东逝水</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">应该说四声还是分明的，可到了第二句</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">浪花淘尽英雄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就成了</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">「</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">朗花掏今英兄</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">」</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">。因此我说，那些人称</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">[</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">临江仙</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">]</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">就是这么唱的是错误的。在文革后期，一大批京剧、昆曲名家将作曲的唐诗宋词演唱录音后给国家领导听，当时给这些诗词配曲的工作是非常严谨，每一个字是什么音，怎么唱，都是一个个仔细审核、考订的。</SPAN></P>
<P style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt" class=MsoNormal><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">当然，在当今中国音乐界，用的都是以字就腔这种受西洋影响的作曲方法，大家从小耳濡目染，自然也不会有我上面说的民国年间那些听惯了传统作曲法的、尤其是通晓音律的人的感受，但做为一种知识，大家还是应该了解的。还有，今天，京剧、昆曲等传统戏曲的作曲，还是按照传统的依字行腔的方法，有兴趣者可以去研究一下。我喜爱昆曲，平时对于字音，同其他曲友一样，也是非常重视的。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">我在网上看到有网友想给《诗经》某些篇章配乐，我认为，用当今通用的西洋作曲法也未为不可，但也可以试着用传统作曲法来谱曲，具体操作起来可能有困难，但可以向戏曲工作者和知晓音律者请教。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">由于对这一块我是个标准的外行，其中肯定有疏漏，欢迎诸位斧正。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR><BR></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">清云斋</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR></FONT>ffice:smarttags" /><?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" IsROCDate="False" IsLunarDate="False" Day="2" Month="8" Year="2006"><FONT face="Times New Roman">06</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>年</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">8</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>月</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman">2</FONT><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US><SPAN lang=EN-US>日</SPAN></SPAN></st1:chsdate><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'" lang=EN-US>于浥蕖<SPAN lang=EN-US>轩</SPAN></SPAN><FONT face="Times New Roman"> <BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"></FONT></SPAN></P>
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