使君子 發表於 2009-11-27 18:49:01

[宋]朱彧<萍洲可谈>/卷二(节选)

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px;"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="7"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 29px;"><br></span></font></span></font></h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 29px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">萍洲可谈/卷二</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 18px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px;"><br></span></font></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 18px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px;"><br></span></font></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 18px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="5"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 17px;"><br></span></font><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州市舶司旧制,帅臣漕使领提举市舶事,祖宗时谓之市舶使。福建路泉州,两浙路明州(宁波)、杭州,皆傍海,亦有市舶司禅。崇宁初,三路各置提举市舶官,三方唯广最盛。后官吏或侵渔,则商人就易处,故三方亦叠盛衰。朝廷尝并泉州舶船令就广,商人或不便之。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州自小海(伶仃洋)至溽州(台山广海镇)七百里,溽州有望舶巡检司,谓之一望,稍北又有第二,第三望,过溽州则沧溟(南海)矣。商船去时,至溽州少需以诀,然后解去,谓之「放洋」。还至溽州,则相庆贺,寨兵有酒肉之馈,并防护赴广州。既至,泊船市舶亭下,五洲巡检司差兵监视,谓之「编栏」。凡舶至,帅漕与市舶监官莅阅其货而征之,谓之「抽解」,以十分为率,珍珠龙脑凡细色抽一分,玳瑁苏木凡粗色抽三分,抽外官市各有差,然后商人得为己物。象牙重及三十斤并乳香,抽外尽官市,盖粗货也。商人有象牙稍大者,必截为三斤以下,规免官市。凡官市价微,又备他货与之,多折阅,故商人病之。舶至未经抽解,敢私取物货者,虽一毫皆没其余货,科罪有差,故商人莫敢犯。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州市舶亭枕水有海山楼,正对五洲,其下谓之小海,中流方丈余,舶船取其水,贮以过海,则不怀。逾此丈许取者并汲井水,皆不可贮,久则生虫,不知此何理也。舶船去以十一月,十二月,就北风,来以五月,六月,就南风。船方正若一木斛,非风不能动。其樯植定而帆侧挂,以一头就樯柱如门扇,帆席谓之「加突」,方言也。海中不唯使顺风,开岸就岸风皆可使,唯风逆则倒退尔,谓之使三面风,逆风尚可用碇石不行。广帅以五月祈风于丰降神。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;甲令,海舶大者数百人,小者百余人,以巨商为纲首,副纲首,杂事,市舶司给朱记,许用笞治其徒,有死亡者籍其财。商人言船大人众则敢往,海外多盗贼,且掠非诣其国者,<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#A0522D">如诣占城,或失路误入真腊,则尽没其舶货,缚北人卖之,云,「尔本不来此间。」</font></b>外国虽无商税,而诛求,谓之献送,不论货物多寡,一例责之,故不利小舶也。舶船深阔各数十丈,商人分占贮货,人得数尺许,下以贮物,夜卧其上。货多陶器,大小相套,无少隙地。海中不畏风涛,唯惧靠阁,谓之「凑浅」,则不复可脱。船忽发漏,既不可入治,令鬼奴持刀絮自外补之,<b>鬼奴善游,入水不瞑。</b>舟师识地理,夜则观星,昼则观日,阴晦观指南针,或以十丈绳钩,取海底泥嗅之,便知所至。海中无雨,凡有雨则近山矣。商人言舶船遇无风时,海水如鉴。舟人捕鱼,用大钩如臂,缚一鸡鹜为饵,使大鱼呑之,随其行半日方困,稍近之,又半日,方可取,忽遇风,则弃。或取得大鱼不可食,剖腹求所呑小鱼可食,一腹不下数十枚,枚数十斤。海大鱼毎随船上下,凡投物无不啖。舟人病者忌死于舟中,往往气未绝便卷以重席,投水中,欲其遽沉,用数瓦罐贮水缚席间,才投入,群鱼并席呑去,竟不少沉。有锯鲨长百十丈,鼻骨如锯,遇舶船,横截断之如拉朽尔。舶行海中,忽远视枯木山积,舟师疑此处旧无山,则蛟龙也,乃断髪取鱼鳞骨同焚,稍稍投水中。凡此皆危急,多不得脱。商人重番僧,云度海危难祷之,则见于空中,无不获济,至广州饭僧设供,谓之「罗汉斋」。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;北人过海外,是岁不还者,谓之「住蕃」,<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#556B2F">诸国人至广州,是岁不归者,谓之「住唐」。</font></b>广人举债总一倍,约舶过回偿,住蕃虽十年不归,息亦不増。富者乘时畜缯帛陶货,加其直与求债者,计息何啻倍蓰。广州官司受理,有利债负,亦市舶使专敕,欲其流通也。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州蕃坊,海外诸国人聚居,置蕃长一人,管勾蕃坊公事,专切招邀蕃商人贡,用蕃官为之,巾袍履笏如华人。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#8B0000">蕃人有罪,诣广州鞫实,送蕃坊行遣。缚之木梯上,以藤杖挞之,自踵至顶,毎藤杖三下折大杖一下。</font></b>盖蕃人不衣裈袴,喜地坐,以杖臂为苦,反不畏杖脊。徒以上罪广州决断。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">蕃人衣装与华异,饮食与华同。</font></b>或云其先波巡尝事瞿昙氏,受戒勿食猪肉,至今蕃人但不食猪肉而已。又曰汝必欲食,当自杀自食,意谓使其割己肉自啖,至今蕃人非刃六畜则不食,若鱼鳖则不问生死皆食。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">其人手指皆带宝石,嵌以金锡,视其贫富,谓之指环子,交阯人尤重之,一环直百金,</font></b>最上者号猫儿眼睛,乃玉石也,光焰动灼,正如活者,究之无他异,不知佩袭之意如何。有摩娑石者,辟药虫毒,以为指环,遇毒则吮之立愈,此固可以卫生。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;南海诸国,各有酋长,三佛齐最号大国,有文书,善算。商人云,日月蚀亦预知其时,但华人不晓其书尔。地多檀香,乳香,以为华货。三佛齐舶赉乳香至中国,所在市舶司以香系榷货,抽分之外,尽官市。近岁三佛齐国亦榷檀香,令商就其国主售之,直増数倍,蕃民莫敢私鬻,其政亦有术也。是国正在南海,西至大食尚远,华人诣大食,至三佛齐修船,转易货物,远贾幅凑,故号最盛。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">广中富人,多畜鬼奴,绝有力,可负数百斤。</font></b>言语嗜欲不通,性淳不逃徙,亦谓之野人。色黒如墨,唇红齿白,髪鬈而黄,有牝牡,生海外诸山中。食生物,采得时与火食饲之,累日洞泄,谓之「换肠」。縁此或病死,若不死,即可蓄。久蓄能晓人言,而自不能言。<b>有一种近海野人,入水眼不贬,谓之「昆仑奴」。</b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#000080">广州杂俗,妇人强,男子弱。妇人十八九,戴乌丝髻,衣皂半臂,谓之「游街背子」。(明清文献对广西少数民族习俗亦有「女强男弱」的记载)</font></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;乐府有「菩萨蛮」,不知何物,在广中见呼蕃妇为「菩萨蛮」,因识之。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州蕃坊,见蕃人赌象棋,并无车马之制,只以象牙,犀角,沉檀香数块,于棋局上两两相移,亦自有节度胜败。予以戏事,未尝问也。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;余在广州,尝因犒设,蕃人大集府中。蕃长引一三佛齐人来,云善诵《孔雀明王经》。余思佛书所谓《真言》者,殊不可晓,意其传讹,喜得为证,因令诵之。其人以两手向背,倚柱而呼,声正如瓶中倾沸汤,更无一声似世传《孔雀真言》者。余曰其书已经重译,宜其不同,但流俗以此书荐亡者,不知中国鬼神如何晓会。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;南海庙前有大树,生子如冬瓜,熟时解之,其房如芭蕉,土人呼为波罗蜜,渍之可食。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;英州(清远英德)碧落洞生钟乳,牧羊者多往焉.或云羊食钟乳间水,有全体如乳白者,其肉大补羸,谓之乳羊。活时了不能识,刲之然后见,极难得,或一歳得一二枚,郡守即献广帅,监司。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;汉以神雀改元,书传不言其状。广南人说神雀,或红或白,一群必备五色,飞集极高树,自十丈以下,皆不肯栖,食露吸风,网罟不能及。余在曹溪寺屡见之,忽来倏去,嘲似雀噪,色鲜明,询诸彼人,自来未尝有捕得者。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;南海诸国有倒挂雀,尾羽备五色,状似鹦鹉,形小如雀,夜则倒悬其身。畜之者以蜜渍栗米、甘蔗。不耐寒,至中州辄以寒死,寻常误食其粪,亦死。元符中,始有携至都城者,一雀售钱五十万,东坡《梅》词云,「倒挂绿毛幺凤。」盖此鸟也。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;余在广州,购得白鹦鹉(白头翁),译者盛称其能言。试听之,能蕃语耳,嘲唽正似鸟声,可惜枉费教习,一笑而还之。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;南方大龟,长二三尺,介厚而白,造玳瑁器者用以补衬,名曰龟筒。方谚曰,「龟筒夹玳瑁,鬼神不晓会。」初时民间无用,不可售,后縁官市,价踊贵。先公帅广,内侍省牒广州市龟筒数百斤,公不报。僚吏以为言,公曰,「吾专行之,勿累尔矣。」卒不与市,民赖以不扰。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广右英州清远峡小龙祠,余尝谒之,数间屋当溪山奇绝处。龙乃五蛇,其色一如生金,王也,一如红锦,妃也,一青一绿,判官也,一黄,走吏也,又有小者如王色,太子也。蟠曲一漆合中,发视之,或见或隐,甚神异。其状比常蛇细目颈而长,横目广颡,不畏人,色皆鲜明,胜于丹青,祀之则出据香炉上,火不能爇,或食所祀酒茗。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;闽、浙人食蛙,楚湘人食「蛤蚧」(gaap3 guai2),大蛙也。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#FF0000">中州人毎笑东南食蛙</font></b>,有宗子任浙官,取蛙两股脯之,给其族人为鹑腊,既食然后告之,由是东南谤少息。或云蛙变为黄鸧。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">广南食蛇,市中鬻蛇羹,</font></b><b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">东坡妾朝云随谪惠州,尝遣老兵买食之,意谓海鲜,问其名,乃蛇也,哇(呕)之,病数月,竟死。</font></b>琼管夷人食动物,凡蝇蚋草虫蚯蚓尽捕之,入截竹中炊熟,破竹而食。顷年在广州,蕃坊献食,多用糖蜜脑麝,有鱼虽甘旨,而腥臭自若也,唯烧笋菹一味可食。先公使辽日,供乳粥一碗甚珍,但沃以生油,不可入口。论之使去油,不听,因绐令以他器贮油,使自酌用之,乃许,自后遂得淡粥。大率南食多盐,北食多酸,四夷及村落人食甘,中州及城市人食淡,五味中唯苦不可食。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;广州医助教王士良,元祐元年死,三日而苏。自言被追至冥府,有衣浅绛衣如仙官者据殿,引问士良尝为人行药杀妻,士良不服。有吏唱言「是熙宁四年始」,即取籍阅,良久云「并无」。仙官拊案曰,「本是黄州,误做广州。」令放士良还。既出,又令引至庑下,有掲示云,「明年广南疫,宣用此药方。」士良读之,乃《博济方》中钩藤散也,本方治疫。士良读之,乃窃询左右,「此何所也。」或言太司真人,治天下医工。时蔡元度守五羊,闻之,召士良审问,令幕客作记。及春,疫疠大作,以钩藤散治之,辄愈。士良又云,「幼习医,至熙宁四年方用药治病,冥冥中已记录,可不慎哉。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;元祐间,广州蕃坊刘姓人娶宗女,官至左班殿直。刘死,宗女无子,其家争分财产,遣人挝登闻院鼓。朝廷方悟宗女嫁夷部,因禁止,三代须一代有官,乃得取宗女。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">&nbsp;&nbsp; &nbsp;邹浩志完,以言事得罪贬新州,媒孽者久犹不已。元符二年冬,有旨付广东提刑钟正甫就新州鞫问志完事,不下司。是时钟挈家在广州观上元灯,得旨即行。漕帅方宴集,怪其不至,而已乘传出关矣,众愕然。钟驰至新,召志完,拘之俗室。适泰陵遗诏至,钟号泣启封,志完居暗室,不自意得全,又闻使者哭泣,罔测其事,意甚陨获。良久,钟遣介传语,止言为国恤不及献茶,且请归宅。志完亦泣而出。其后东坡闻之,戏云,「此茶不烦见示。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 27px;"><br></span></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p></div></span>
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查看完整版本: [宋]朱彧<萍洲可谈>/卷二(节选)