超乎想象地繁荣发达的东南亚史前商业文明！！！
<a href="http://comonca.org.cn/advance.htm">http://comonca.org.cn/advance.htm</a><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px;"><br></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Simsun; font-size: 12px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px; "><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/104/50/19745" name="《美科院》台湾丰田玉" style="text-decoration: none; ">《美科院学报》104卷19745-19750页 古代玉器勾勒三千年前东南亚史前交易</a></p><hr><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; ">本文用电子探针微量分析检测了来自大量考古发掘的东南亚闪玉类史前遗物，时间跨度从公元前3000到公元第一千年。研究揭示了史前世界中单一矿物类产品的一个最广泛的海洋贸易网络。产自台湾东部的绿闪玉（豐田玉）被用来制作一种特殊形态的耳饰，并在公元前500年到公元500年之间广泛分布于菲律宾、东马来西亚、越南南部和泰国半岛地区，在南海南部和东部海岸线上构成了一个直径达3000公里的环线。其它台湾闪玉史前遗物的分布更早，特别是玉珠和玉镯，广泛出现在新石器时代的台湾，并从台湾带进菲律宾。</p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><img border="0" src="http://comonca.org.cn/Img/nephrite1.jpg" width="878" height="396"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "><img border="0" src="http://comonca.org.cn/Img/nephrite2.gif" width="879" height="724"></p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "> </p><p style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; "> </p></span></div>原文太长 自己click入去睇 发住个摘要（abstract）先
<div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px;"><br></span></div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full">http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full</a><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 25px;"><br></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; "><h1 id="article-title-1" style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 1.8em; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; ">Ancient jades map 3,000 years of prehistoric exchange in Southeast Asia</h1><div class="contributors" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; "><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; white-space: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><br></span></ol><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; white-space: normal; "><li id="contrib-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Hsiao-Chun+Hung&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Hsiao-Chun Hung</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-1" id="xref-aff-1-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">a</sup></a><span class="xref-sep" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.33em; ">,</span><a class="xref-corresp" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#corresp-1" id="xref-corresp-1-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">b</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Yoshiyuki+Iizuka&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Yoshiyuki Iizuka</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-3" id="xref-aff-3-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">c</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-3" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Peter+Bellwood&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Peter Bellwood</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-4" id="xref-aff-4-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">d</sub></a>,</li><li id="contrib-4" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Kim+Dung+Nguyen&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Kim Dung Nguyen</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-5" id="xref-aff-5-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">e</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-5" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=B%C3%A9r%C3%A9nice+Bellina&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Bérénice Bellina</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-6" id="xref-aff-6-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">f</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-6" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Praon+Silapanth&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Praon Silapanth</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-7" id="xref-aff-7-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">g</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-7" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Eusebio+Dizon&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Eusebio Dizon</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-8" id="xref-aff-8-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">h</sup></a>,</li><li id="contrib-8" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Rey+Santiago&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Rey Santiago</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-8" id="xref-aff-8-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">h</sup></a>, </li><li id="contrib-9" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Ipoi+Datan&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Ipoi Datan</a></span><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-9" id="xref-aff-9-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">i</sup></a>, and </li><li id="contrib-10" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.7; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; white-space: normal; "><span class="name" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a class="name-search" href="http://www.pnas.org/search?author1=Jonathan+H.+Manton&sortspec=date&submit=Submit" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0px; text-decoration: none; white-space: nowrap; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">Jonathan H. Manton</a></span><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; "><a class="xref-aff" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#aff-2" id="xref-aff-2-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">j</a></sup></li></ol><ol class="contributor-list" id="contrib-group-1" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; white-space: normal; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 0px;"><br></span></font></ol><p class="affiliation-list-reveal" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#" class="view-more" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 5px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: -2px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0.4em; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.833em; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: white; display: block; float: left; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-right-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-bottom-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); border-left-color: rgb(220, 220, 220); text-decoration: none; width: 1.3em; height: 0.9em; cursor: pointer; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">+</a>Author Affiliations</p><ol class="affiliation-list hideaffil" style="margin-top: 1em; margin-right: 27px; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 27px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: absolute; left: -9999px; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-1" name="aff-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Departments of <sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">a</sup>Archaeology and Natural History and</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-2" name="aff-2" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">j</sup>Information Engineering, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-3" name="aff-3" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">c</sup>Institute of Earth Sciences, Academia Sinica, P.O. Box 1-55, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-4" name="aff-4" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">d</sup>School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-5" name="aff-5" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">e</sup>Department of Ancient Technology Research, Vietnam Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi, Vietnam;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-6" name="aff-6" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">f</sup>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7528, 27 Rue Paul Bert, 94204 Ivry-sur-Seine, France;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-7" name="aff-7" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">g</sup>Department of Archaeology, Silpakorn University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand;</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-8" name="aff-8" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">h</sup>Archaeology Division, National Museum of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines; and</address></li><li class="aff" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: list-item; "><a id="aff-9" name="aff-9" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: normal; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: 0.2em; text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "></a><address style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: normal; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: inline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><sup style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: super; ">i</sup>Sarawak Museum, Kuching, Malaysia</address></li></ol><ol class="fn-track" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.833em; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; "><li class="fn-edited-by" id="fn-1" style="margin-top: 5px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; "><p id="p-1" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Edited by Robert D. Drennan, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, and approved October 5, 2007 (received for review August 3, 2007)</p></li></ol></div><div class="section abstract" id="abstract-1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "><div class="section-nav" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 1em; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; float: right; background-color: white; "><div class="nav-placeholder" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; color: rgb(170, 0, 0); text-decoration: none; width: 9px; height: 15px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: 0% 0%; "> </div><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745.full#sec-1" title="Results" class="next-section-link" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; display: block; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); text-decoration: none; width: 9px; height: 15px; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-image: url(http://www.pnas.org/shared/img/content/down.gif); background-position: 0% 0%; "><span style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; position: absolute; left: -9999px; ">Next Section</span></a></div><h2 style="margin-top: 10px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 2px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: 16px; font-family: Georgia, 'Times New Roman', serif; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-bottom-style: dotted; border-bottom-color: rgb(153, 153, 153); ">Abstract</h2><p id="p-3" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">We have used electron probe microanalysis to examine Southeast Asian nephrite (jade) artifacts, many archeologically excavated, dating from 3000 B.C. through the first millennium A.D. The research has revealed the existence of one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. Green nephrite from a source in eastern Taiwan was used to make two very specific forms of ear pendant that were distributed, between 500 B.C. and 500 A.D., through the Philippines, East Malaysia, southern Vietnam, and peninsular Thailand, forming a 3,000-km-diameter halo around the southern and eastern coastlines of the South China Sea. Other Taiwan nephrite artifacts, especially beads and bracelets, were distributed earlier during Neolithic times throughout Taiwan and from Taiwan into the Philippines.</p></div></span></div> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; "><div id="power-point" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><div class="power-point-instructions" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds. If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)</p><p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Click on image to view larger version.</p></div></div><div class="fig-expansion" id="F1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745/F1.large.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(0, 51, 51); "><img alt="Fig. 1." src="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745/F1.medium.gif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "></a><div class="fig-caption" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 1em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><span class="fig-label" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; ">Fig. 1.</span><p id="p-5" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Green nephrite jade ornaments and manufacturing debitage. (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A–C</em>) Nephrite lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections. (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A</em>) Go Ma Voi, Vietnam (Institute of Archaeology, Hanoi). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">B</em>) Uyaw Cave, the Tabon Complex, Palawan, Philippines (National Museum of the Philippines, Manila). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">C</em>) Duyong Cave, the Tabon Complex, Palawan, Philippines (National Museum of the Philippines, Manila). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">D</em>) Double-headed animal nephrite ear pendant from the Philippines (collection of Ramon Villegas, Manila). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">E–O</em>) A suggested manufacturing sequence for lingling-o ear pendants, as reconstructed from discarded raw material recovered at Pinglin, eastern Taiwan, and Anaro, Itbayat Island, northern Philippines (these pieces do not come from a single manufacturing event). Stage 1: <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">E</em> is a triangular discard from a cut square preform ≈1 cm thick (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">F</em>), the intention being to shape an octagonal blank (see <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">I</em>); from Pinglin, eastern Taiwan. Stage 2: <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">G</em> and <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">I</em>represent the first bracelet to be drilled from an octagonal blank, in this case, ≈2 cm thick, leaving a round core (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">H</em>). Presumably, the original bracelet outer diameter exceeded the diameter of available bamboo drills, hence this method of manufacture, allowing the projecting corners to be ground off to give the bracelet a round exterior; from Pinglin. Stage 3: <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">J</em> represents a second (or perhaps third) bracelet drilled from a large core; from Pinglin. Successive bracelet and flat ear ring removals could have continued from this point, until the remaining core became too small to use. Stage 4: Items <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">K–O</em> all come from Anaro, Itbayat, northern Philippines. We infer that some large discs produced by large bracelet manufacture were brought to Anaro from Taiwan, each to become the blank for four lingling-os, drilled in quadripartite fashion (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">P</em>). <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">O</em> is a drilled core from the center of a lingling-o; <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">K–M</em> are discards from around and between the smaller drilled circles. <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">N</em> is part of a much thinner ring drilled out to help delineate the projections, which were probably drilled finally at 90° to the axis of the core and finished by manual shaping (see <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A–C</em>).</p></div></div></span> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 'Lucida Grande', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', Tahoma, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 16px; "><div id="power-point" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><div class="power-point-instructions" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">(Downloading may take up to 30 seconds. If the slide opens in your browser, select File -> Save As to save it.)</p><p style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Click on image to view larger version.</p></div></div><div class="fig-expansion" id="F4" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; "><a href="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745/F4.large.jpg" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); "><img alt="Fig. 4." src="http://www.pnas.org/content/104/50/19745/F4.medium.gif" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; "></a><div class="fig-caption" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 1em; padding-right: 1em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 1em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238); border-top-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><span class="fig-label" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5em; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: bold; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; ">Fig. 4.</span><p id="p-12" style="margin-top: 15px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: 1.5; text-align: left; vertical-align: baseline; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; ">Chemical compositions of nephrite jade artifacts. (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A–E</em>) Chemical compositions of the nephrite jade matrices of studied artifacts from Taiwan (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A</em> and <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">B</em>), the Philippines (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">C</em> and <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">D</em>), and Borneo, Vietnam, and Thailand (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">E</em>). The <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">x</em> and <em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">y</em> axes represent, respectively, Si (atoms per formula unit on the basis of 23 oxygen) and Mg/ ratios, with the ideal chemical formula of calcium amphibole (Ca<sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">2</sub><sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">5</sub><sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">8</sub>O<sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">22</sub><sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">2</sub>). Relative standard deviations (1σ) of measurements are shown as error bars. (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">A</em>) Symbols represent the WDS-EPMA results for 42 artifacts from 17 Taiwan sites. The upper shaded area encloses the chemical compositions of white-colored nephrite jade deposits from China (Liaoning, Xinjiang, Gansu, and Jiangsu Provinces) and Korea (Chuncheon) (11–13). The lower shaded area represents the chemical compositions of green nephrite jade raw materials from the Fengtian deposit (eight hand specimens) and a nearby riverbed (nine hand specimens) in eastern Taiwan (11). The chemical boundary between tremolite and actinolite is marked by the Mg/(Mg+Fe) ratio of 0.90 (<a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 3</a>). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">B–E</em>) Analytical results obtained by the noninvasive LVSEM-EDS technique. The enclosed areas delimit the range of chemical compositions for Fengtian green nephrite jades. (B) Yugang and Guanyindong on Ludao Island, Lanyu High School on Lanyu Island, and Liyushan (Wangan Island) and Nangang (Qimei Island), Penghu Archipelago (12 artifacts from five sites, <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 4</a>). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">C</em>) Anaro on Itbayat Island, Sunget on Batan Island, Savidug on Sabtang Island, Nagsabaran in the Cagayan Valley, and Kay Daing in Batangas, northern Philippines (30 artifacts from five sites) (<a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Tables 4 and 5</a>). The white nephrite (tremolite) artifacts from Uilang Bundok (UB: 1 adze) and Pila (PB: 3 adzes) in Batangas, and 12 adzes and two preforms from H. Otley Beyer's 1940s Batangas collection in the National Museum of the Philippines, are shown as gray symbols. In terms of their mineral chemistry and archaeological contexts, the white nephrites in the Philippines are probably of local origin (14) (<a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 7</a>). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">D</em>) Tabon Caves, Palawan (22 ornaments from nine sites: see <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 6</a>). Seven lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections and a single bicephalous (double-headed) animal ear pendant are plotted. (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">E</em>) Artifacts from Niah Cave (Sarawak), Go Ma Voi (GMV) (central Vietnam), and Khao Sam Kaeo (KSK) in peninsular Thailand are represented here, including the lingling-o penannular earrings with three pointed circumferential projections from Niah and GMV (10 ornaments and worked pieces from three sites: see <a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 4</a>). White to green nephrite artifacts from northern Vietnam (MB, Man Bac; TK, Trang Kenh; XR, Xom Ren; GB, Go Bong; QC, Quy Chu; YB, Yen Bac), from central Vietnam (GMV; GD, Go Dua), and from southern Vietnam (GL, Giong Lon), shown by gray and black symbols, are not of Fengtian nephrite in terms of their mineral chemistry (see<a href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/0707304104/DC1" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; color: rgb(51, 51, 51); ">SI Table 7</a>). (<em style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: italic; font-size: inherit; font-family: inherit; line-height: inherit; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: baseline; ">F</em>) Chemical compositions of zinc-bearing chromite (<sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">2</sub>O<sub style="margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-style: none; font-weight: inherit; font-style: inherit; font-size: 0.85em; font-family: inherit; line-height: 0; text-align: inherit; vertical-align: sub; ">4</sub>) inclusions in the surfaces of nephrite artifacts, analyzed by the noninvasive LVSEM-EDS technique. Symbols represent the value for zinc oxide (ZnO in wt %) and the Cr/(Cr+Al) ratio for each artifact. Because the chromite in Fengtian nephrite jade bears significant amounts of zinc (2 to 11 wt % in ZnO) (11) in comparison with the other possible nephrite (actinolite/tremolite) jade sources tested (Chara Jelgra, Siberia and Nanshan, Gansu), the Zn content provides a good clue for the identification of Fengtian nephrite.</p></div></div></span> <P>睇过一篇文章，话东南亚系亚洲文明嘅发源地！</P><P> </P>
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