寒冰玉:明代海禁政策述论
<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; "><br><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td height="28" align="center" class="b_red_16" style="font-size: 16px; color: rgb(255, 0, 0); line-height: 24px; font-weight: bold; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Verdana"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 20px;">寒冰玉:明代海禁政策述论</span></font></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: -webkit-center;"><br></div><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><tbody><tr><td height="1" background="http://hist.cersp.com/Skin/cersp/line_03.gif" style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); line-height: 22px; "></td></tr></tbody></table><table width="100%" border="0" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="4"><tbody><tr><td style="font-size: 12px; color: rgb(55, 55, 55); line-height: 22px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="7"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 29px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-size: 22pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代海禁政策述论</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-align: center; "><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 22pt; "><o:p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 22pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="6"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 22pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="6"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 19px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 22pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">内容提要</span></b><span style="font-size: 16pt; font-family: 黑体; ">:</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">明代海禁政策是明代对外关系的重要内容,它的产生、发展与开禁有其内在的原因,这几百年的海禁政策对当时、后来以及对后世的长期发展产生了巨大的影响。本文试从海禁政策实施过程作总的阐述与分析。</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 22pt; "><br></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">关</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; "><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">键</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; "><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">字:</span></b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">明代</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">海禁政策</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">海外贸易</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; "><span lang="EN-US"><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代是第一个遭到西洋国家侵略的朝代。其对外政策较之前代也发生了巨大的变化,主要是在加强官方朝贡体制的同时实行与加强了针对民间的海禁政策。从洪武四年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1371</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)到隆庆年间开禁共经历了近两百年的时间。那么这么久的海禁政策实行的原因何在、过程如何、后来为何开禁、海禁政策产生了什么样的影响?本文试从以上几个方面进行简单论述。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 28pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><o:p><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 126.5pt; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">一</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">海禁政策实行的原因</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">首先,海禁政策是君主专制与中央集权强化的结果。明王朝建立后,专制制度空前强化,对内主要表现为皇权的空前提高、对地方控制的空前强化、国家机器对内对外职能的加强等方面。对内事务中,朱元璋采取了一系列强化中央集<st1:personname w:st="on" productid="权与">权与</st1:personname>君主专制的措施,使大权一归朝廷<st1:personname w:st="on" productid="和归">和归</st1:personname>君主。对外政策是对内政策的延续,在对外事务中,朝贡贸易的加强与海禁的实施正体现了这一点。为垄断对外贸易并使之全面官营化,必须限制或禁止各种非官方渠道的对外贸易,将海外贸易严格限制在朝贡范围内。因此,海禁政策的实施势在必行。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoBodyTextIndent" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-family: 宋体; ">第二,倭患日炽,这也是实行海禁政策的重要原因。洪武初期,对日政策的失败使得明朝政府无法从外交上解决倭患问题,只得派汤和等大将加强海防,同时在沿海实行海禁政策以防倭寇与民间的接触。海禁政策的实行正是出于洪武年间对付南倭北虏策略的考虑。尽管这时朱明王朝已建立起在全国的统治,但北方蒙古族的南下威胁一直未能解除,而东南沿海倭寇的侵扰也一直不断,两者较之,前者更为严重。因此,实行较为消极的海禁政策也是解决倭患的策略需要。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">第三,是防止国内外力量勾结的需要。明朝建立后,天下初定,张士诚、方国珍等残余势力仍盘踞在沿海岛屿,他们一方面在国内拉拢一些人培养党羽,另一方面勾结海寇与外国势力侍机卷土从重来。「初,方国珍踞温、台、处,张士诚踞宁、绍、杭、嘉、苏、松、通、泰,诸军皆在海上,方、张既降灭,诸贼豪强悉航海,纤岛倭入寇。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn1" name="_ednref1" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">1</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">「禁滨海民不得私入海,时方国珍余党多入海剽掠故也」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn2" name="_ednref2" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">2</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">加上洪武十四年的胡惟庸案,其中一条罪名就是私通倭寇。因此,私通番国也成了朱元璋的一块心病,担臣民与外国势力联合对朱明王朝构成严重威胁。「国处禁海之例,始因倭夷违谕而来,继恨林贤巨烛之变,故欲闭绝之」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn3" name="_ednref3" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">3</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">朱元璋也毫不掩饰地说:「朕以海道可通外邦</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">……</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">苟不禁戒,则人皆惑利而陷于刑宪矣。故尝禁其往来。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn4" name="_ednref4" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">4</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">第四,明代海禁政策的制定与实施跟朱元璋的个人心理及其后代的不违祖制的心理分不开。朱元璋出身贫寒,完全是小农身份出身,尽管已登上九五之尊,但其个人仍存在潜在的自卑心理。从他在位几十年中大肆屠杀开国功臣以稳固统治便可见一斑。那么这种心理在处理对外关系上也或多或少体现出一种收缩状态,对臣民与外国呈现一种不信任,从而防止内外势力联合的海禁政策的出台也就不足为奇了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">第五,贡国多诈及防止铜钱等外流,明朝建立后承袭元代的货币财政政策,发行大明宝钞,并禁止使用铜钱与白银,同时也要禁止铜钱与白银外流。洪武二十三年十月,「诏户部交通外番之禁,上以中国金银铜钱、段匹、兵器等物</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">……不许出番」。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn5" name="_ednref5" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">5</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">第六,是建立以天朝礼制为主要形式与以朝贡为主要内容的国际体系(礼治天下)的需要。在古代,中原一直处于东亚的文化发达之端,国力之强是比邻各国所无法比拟的。因此,与比邻各国一直存在着不对等的关系——宗藩关系。十三世纪以来周边国家虽仍不能与中原相比,但民间的交往与关系已有了巨大的发展,这严重威胁着政府间的关系,而且明代的对日外交也受到严重挫折,因此,这种官方有意或无意建立起来的国际体系也受到巨大的威胁,尤其是在十六世纪初以后在东南亚一带,这种体系也遭受到西方强国的挑战。明王朝要维持与发展这种体系,感到有必要限制或禁止民间的海外往来。因此,海禁政策的出笼与发展也是维持与发展天朝礼治天下与在国际关系中保持宗主国身份的需要。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'"><br></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代海禁政策的实施是多方面原因引起的,是各种合力共同作用的结果。从根本上说是中原重农抑商的大陆自足发展的传统民族心理与价值取向在最高统治者的对外政策上的体现,也是中原统治者在十四到十六世纪面对国际与国内形势新变化所做出的一种消极反映。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体"><br></font></p></span></td></tr></tbody></table><br></span><div><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#373737" size="3"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">二</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">政策实施过程</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明朝的海禁政策自洪武年间开始到隆庆元年开禁经历了一个多变的过程。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 21.75pt; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">(一)开始实施及逐渐强化的洪武时期。</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">朱元璋建立明朝后并没有马上实行海禁政策。吴元年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1367</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)还设立市舶司来管理对外经济关系,存在着一个短暂的的允许私人海外贸易关系的时期。但到了洪武四年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1371</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)开始颁布一系列的诏令实行海禁政策。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武四年十二月,「诏吴王左相靖海侯吴桢籍没方国珍所部温、台、庆三府军士</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">……隶各卫为军,仍禁濒海民不得似出海</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn6" name="_ednref6" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">6</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">2</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武十四年冬十月,「禁濒海民私通海外诸国」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn7" name="_ednref7" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">7</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">3</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武十七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1384</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年),「派信国公汤和巡视浙闽,禁民入海捕鱼」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn8" name="_ednref8" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">8</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.05pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.05pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">4</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武二十三年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1390</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)十月,「诏户部严交通外番之禁。上以中国金银、铜钱、段匹、兵器等物自前代以来不许出番;今两广、浙江、福建愚民无知,往往交通外番私贸货物,故禁之。<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">沿海军民官司纵令相交易者,悉治以罪」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn9" name="_ednref9" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">9</font></u></span></span></a></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.1pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0.1pt; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武二十七年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1394</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)春正月,「禁民间用番香、番货,先是上以海外诸夷多狡诈,绝其往来。唯流球、真蜡、衢罗斛入贡,而缘海治人往往私下诸番,贸易香货,用诱蛮夷为盗,命礼部严禁绝之。敢有私下诸番互市悉治重法凡番香、番货皆贩鬻,其见有者,限以三月销尽。民间祷祀止用松柏枫桃诸香,违者罪之。其两广所产香木听土人自用;不许越岭货卖,虑其杂市番货,故并及之」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn10" name="_ednref10" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">10</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="'Times New Roman'" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 27pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">、</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">洪武三十年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1397</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年),「申禁人民不得擅出海与外国互市」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn11" name="_ednref11" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">11</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">而且在洪武年颁布的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">《</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">大明律</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">》</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">中也明确规定:「凡将马牛、军需、铁货、铜钱、段匹绢、丝锦私外境货卖,及下海者,杖一百。挑担驮载之人,减一等。物货船车,并入官,于内以十分为率,三分付告人充赏,若将人口、军器出境及下海者,绞。因而走泄事情者,斩。其拘该官司,及守把之人,通同夹带,或知而故纵者,与犯人同罪。失觉察者,减三等,罪只杖一百,军兵又减一等。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn12" name="_ednref12" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">12</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">而且为保证海禁政策的有效实施,明朝贡品贡年实行了限制与规定,实行勘合制以验证真伪,这样将海外贸易有效地控制在政府手中,使得海外贸易全面官营化,给明王朝带来诸多好处,可以继续修好与海外各国的友好关系,树立中原天子「统驭万国」的对外形象;可以建立与海外各国的经济往来,互通有无;可以通过贸易往来建立成功的外交与安定的国际环境。同时,可以节省军费开支,可以使国家垄断海外贸易,专有海外贸易的利权。并且也巩固了海外国家的宗藩关系。从这些禁令所颁布的内容上看,出现逐渐向经济方面转化。到洪武二十三年,明确规定严禁民间对外经济往来,甚至在洪武二十七年规定两广所产的香木不能到外地去卖。这说明明王朝的海禁政策根据形势的变化而改变政策的内容。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">(二)似松实紧的永乐时期(郑和时代)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">从《明实录》上看永乐年间到宣德八年以前明政府所颁布的海禁令并不多,仅见两处,即明成祖的即位诏书中明确规定:「缘海军民人等,近年以来往往私自下番,交通外国今后不许。所司一遵洪武事例禁治。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn13" name="_ednref13" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">13</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">和永乐二年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1404</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年)正月又进一步「下令禁民间海船原有海船者悉改为平头船。所在有司防其出入」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn14" name="_ednref14" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">14</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">从那以后,永乐帝没有再颁布禁海令,似乎表现宽弛的局面。其实不然,永乐帝即位之初继承了朱元璋的海禁政策,而且变本加厉。从永乐二年的诏令中可见一斑:将原来的海船改为平头船,这是釜底抽薪之法,平头船无法在远洋中航行,这样断绝了国内军民与海外各国的主动联系,从而保证了官方的朝贡贸易的畅通无阻,实际上永乐二年以后不再颁布禁海令正说明了这时期的海禁政策的有效实施,而且这时期的</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">朝贡贸易达到了最高峰。私人的海外贸易几无存在空间,况且郑和下西洋的庞大队伍本身就是对民间海外贸易的巨大威慑。郑和下西洋本身具有招抚海外逃民之责。这样谁还敢私自下海对外贸易?官方贸易的发达之时正是海禁政策的有效实施之日。官方的朝贡贸易与海禁政策的有效实施是相得益彰的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24.1pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24.1pt; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">(三)时松时紧并逐渐失败的后郑和时代(宣德八年至正德年间)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">宣德八年自郑和最后一次下西洋返航之后,宣德政府就迫不及待地令行在都察院严私通番国之禁,「近岁官员军民不知遵守,往往司造海舟,假朝廷干办为名擅自下番扰害外夷或诱引为盗,比者已有擒获,各置重罪,尔宜申明前禁,榜谕缘海军民,有犯者许诸人首告,得实者给犯人家赀之半,知而不告及军卫有司纵之弗禁者一体治罪」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn15" name="_ednref15" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">1</font></u></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">5</font></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">尽管在此之后仍多次下达海禁之令,然而收效甚微,民间私人海外贸易逐渐兴盛起来。政府不再派遣使团远航海外招徕入贡,而且严格限海外各国的入贡次数及贡品的数量。随着朝贡贸易的衰弱,民间的私人海外贸易却发达起来。随着民间海外贸易冲破海禁的束缚、明朝政府的日益腐朽与塞防的吃紧,海禁政策也随之松懈。民间的海外贸易的发展正说明了这一点。史籍这方面的记载也颇多。「成、弘之际,豪门巨室间有乘巨舰贸易海外者。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn16" name="_ednref16" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">16</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">而私人海外贸易中心的月港「小苏杭」的美誉。到了</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">世纪后期、</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">16</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">世纪初政府进一步放宽海禁。主要表现为对海外来船只不管是官方贡舶还是商民商舶,无论有无朝廷所颁勘合,是否合乎朝贡期限,都允许进行互市、贸易往来,并且还对海外商船实行抽分制。正德四年(</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">1509</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">年),有衢罗遇风漂到广东「镇巡官合议,税其伙」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn17" name="_ednref17" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">17</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">以备军需。宣德五年,地方上奏「盗贼连年为乱,军饷不支,乞将正德三年、四年抽过番货,除贵若象牙、犀角、鹤顶之类解京。其余粗重如苏木等物,估价该银一万一千二百有奇,宜变卖留充军饷」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn18" name="_ednref18" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">18</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">随着海禁的松弛,民间的海外贸易迅速发展。正德九年,广东布政司参议惊呼「近许官府抽分,公为贸易,遂使奸民数千,驾造巨舶,私置兵器,纵横海上」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn19" name="_ednref19" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">1</font></u></span></span></a><font face="Times New Roman"><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; ">9</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">而这时朝廷内部也出现了要求开禁与发展海外贸易的思想。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">15</font></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">世纪后期,曾任内阁大学的丘浚在上于明孝宗的《大学衍义补》中明确提出,反对国家抑商与对商业活动干预过多,公开主张开放朝贡以外的民间正常对外贸易,并明确向朝廷建言,开放海禁。以上可以看出,朝廷的最高层已出现此类思想,那时对海禁的松弛可想而知了。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">(四)海禁政策的高度强化与失败——嘉靖时期</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">到了十六世纪初,倭寇之患愈演愈烈,尤其在嘉靖年间更是登峰造极。同时这时的海外贸易也由于限制的放宽与商品经济的发展而日益兴盛。嘉靖二年在宁波发生的日本争贡事件引发了朝廷的进一步忧虑。基于这点与其他的种种原因,嘉靖政府屡下禁海令,使得这时的海禁的深度与广度远远超过了各个时期。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">嘉靖三年四月:「凡番夷贡船,官未报视而先迎贩私货者,如私贩苏木、胡椒千升以上例;交接番夷互市、称贷、绍货、构衅及教诱为乱者,如川广云贵陕西例;私交番夷收买禁物者,如会同馆内外军民例;揽造违式海船私鬻番夷者,如私将应禁军器出境因而事泄律,各论罪。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn20" name="_ednref20" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">20</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">嘉靖四年八月:「浙福二省巡按官,查海船但双桅者即捕之,所载虽非番物,以番物论,具发戍边卫。官吏军民知而故纵者,具调发烟瘴」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn21" name="_ednref21" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">21</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">嘉靖八年十二月出给榜文:「禁沿海居民勿得私充牙行,居积番货,以为窝主。势豪违禁大船,悉报官拆毁,以杜后患。违者一体重治。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn22" name="_ednref22" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">22</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">嘉靖十二年九月:「一切违禁大船,尽数毁之,自后沿海军民私与赋市,其邻舍不举者连坐。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn23" name="_ednref23" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">23</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">此外,嘉靖二十九年颁布《嘉靖问刑条例》,有详细的禁止下海的种种规定。到嘉靖中期朱纨任闽浙地方官时更是变本加厉地实行海禁,「牵渡船,严保甲,搜捕奸民」。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn24" name="_ednref24" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">24</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">并且针对当时日益严重的倭患进行重大打击,但由于朝廷的内部斗争与沿海的豪门的诬陷,朱纨被杀。朱纨死后,海禁松弛,同时也宣告了嘉靖时期的海禁政策的失败。</span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><b><br></b></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><b><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">(五)隆庆开海与海禁余波</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">到了嘉靖后期,随着倭寇问题的基本解决,明代的对外贸易进一步发展,海禁政策已完全成为一种障碍。社会各阶层要求开禁的呼声也越来越高。隆庆元年福建巡抚上书要求开禁,并得到同意。这样进行了近二百年的海禁开始走向开放。但是,隆庆开禁并不是完全开放,而是十分有限的,地域上仅仅限于东西洋,而且还不包括日本。而且在以后的几十年里针对不同的情况也颁布了许多禁海令(大多是地方性的)。具体见下章分析。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; line-height: 22px; font-size: 12px; "><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 12pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font face="Times New Roman"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><span> </span><b><span> </span></b></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><span> </span></span></b></font><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">三</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">隆庆开海原因及晚明海禁反复析</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">到隆庆元年以后明朝政府逐渐放开海禁,允许民间发展对外贸易。为什么会在这时开海呢?原因是多方面的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">首先,是几百年的抗倭斗争尤其是嘉靖年间的斗争的结果。他们发现「倭寇」实际上大多数是沿海居民,而头目也基本上是沿海富豪。他们认为造成倭患的原因是海禁政策造成的后果。正如当时负责海禁的赵文华所说的:「海上居民,近来海禁太严,渔樵不通,生理日蹙,转而为盗。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn25" name="_ednref25" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">25</font></u></span></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">而其他靠海吃海的以经营海外贸易的也由于生计或巨额利润的诱惑,进而进行走私或海盗式贸易。「寇与商同是人,市通则寇转为商,市禁则商转为寇,始之禁禁商,后之禁禁寇。禁之愈严而寇愈盛。片板不许下海,艨艟巨舰反蔽江而来;寸货不许入番,子女玉帛恒满载而去</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">……于是海滨人人为贼,有诛之不可胜诛者。」<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn26" name="_ednref26" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">26</font></u></span></span></a>不仅时人明智者有此认识,就是当局也有此认识。福建巡抚谭纶也说:「闽人滨海而居,非往来海中则不得食。自通番禁严,而附近海洋渔贩,一切不通,故民贫而盗愈起。」<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn27" name="_ednref27" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">27</font></u></span></span></a>上下基于这种认识,开海也就不足为奇了。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明王朝自开国以来一直禁用金银、铜钱,而实际上贵金属愈来愈多的用于日常交流中,政府的收税也多用银两,大明宝钞的贬值也需要更多的银两来维持经济的正常秩序,国内的白银远远不够,日本在这时期是白银输出国,加上十六世纪初开始,美洲出产的白银也大量地输入东亚,以换取东亚的货物。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn28" name="_ednref28" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">28</font></u></span></span></a>国内白银的需要与国外的货物需求的大大增加也要求明政府放开海禁。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">开海也是民间贸易与官方长期斗争的结果。这是一个量变到质变的过程。海外贸易由官方全面控制本身就违背经济规律,由官营向私营的转变是一个必然的趋势。而且经过长期的斗争与发展,走私性(或海盗式)的私人贸易已非官方所能控制。而官方贸易的衰落与民间贸易的蓬勃发展已是事实,只是官方是否愿意承认而已。从长期的海禁政策的反馈中可知,开海成为必然的趋势。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">开海当然也是出于解决财政危机的考虑。嘉靖年间要解决南倭北虏问题需要大量的财富,而且政府与皇宫的奢侈生活及官吏的贪污成风,给明朝政府造成了严重的财政危机。倭乱给东南沿海的财赋之区造成巨大的破坏。使许多繁华之地一片萧条。南北的军费开支巨大,已非财政所能承受。隆庆即位后,户部尚书马森上奏:「太包见存银一百三十万四千六百五十二两,岁支官军俸银该一百三十五万有奇,边饷二百三十六万有奇……通记所出,须得银五百五十三万有奇以今数抵算,仅足三月……今弩藏所积私此,可谓匮乏之极矣。平居无事,尚难支推,万一有不虞之灾变供费浩繁,计将安出?今日催徒急矣,搜括穷矣,事例开矣四方之民力竭矣。势时至此,即鬼运神输亦难为谋。」<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn29" name="_ednref29" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">29</font></u></span></span></a>开海设关收税已是解决财政危机的一大良策。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">隆庆开海的有限性并不仅仅在地域上的限制,而且在隆庆元年以后的几十年里多次下达禁海令:<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">隆庆六年十二月庚午,「兵部复吏科给事中裴应章条陈辽东善后事宜……一<span lang="EN-US">.</span>严海禁。将商贩船通行禁止,片板不许下海,仍严督沿海官军往来巡哨。……俱依拟行。」<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn30" name="_ednref30" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">30</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">万历六年十一月辛亥,兵部上奏要求严格检查与限制海外贸易,且得旨「海禁事宜,着该省抚按官会议停当具奏」。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn31" name="_ednref31" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">31</font></u></span></span></a><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn32" name="_ednref32" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">35</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">万历十七年四月丙申,福建巡抚周</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">宷</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">提议:严格防范漳州沿海居民勾引倭夷,劫掠商船,,实行「定限船之法」与「薄税银之征」。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn33" name="_ednref33" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">32</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">万历四十年十二月庚寅,兵部题:「贩海之禁,屡经申饬,不意犹有李文美等公行无忌,迹其盘验虽非通倭之货,但脱逃可疑,应行原籍衙门拘审。仍通行所属沿海军卫有司,禁戢军民不许私出大洋兴贩通倭,致启衅端。」从之。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn34" name="_ednref34" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">33</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">万历四十一年十月乙酉,巡按直隶御史薛贞……请申饬越贩之禁:「……今直隶浙江势豪之家私造双桅沙船,伺风越贩,宜尽数查出,不许违禁出海,则通倭无具……」并且建言对各地的海船进行严格的地域限制。得到了许可。<a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn35" name="_ednref35" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US"><u><font color="#0000ff">34</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">实际上朝廷的禁海令不仅仅是以上这么几条。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">那么,明朝后期在开禁之后为什么又重申海禁呢?<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">首先,这时虽说经过嘉靖朝的打击,但倭寇并没有完全消失,转而活动在东海、黄海、日本海,给明朝与朝鲜造成巨大的侵扰与威胁,加上倭寇已经成为人们心理上的阴影。为防止国人通倭朝廷认为只有禁其往来。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">其次,这时西欧强国如葡萄牙、荷兰等已侵扰明朝东南沿海。葡萄牙人侵扰广东、福建、浙江等地,并且占据澳门。十七世纪初荷兰人(红毛番)占据台湾,天启三年(<span lang="EN-US">1623</span>年),「红夷六月入我澎湖 ……及见所求不允,突驾五舟犯我六敖……」。进攻福建多地。西方列强的侵扰以及他们与倭寇的勾结严重威胁着东南海疆的安定。这时北方尤其是东北的少数民族的南下更使朝廷头痛。明朝政府已无力积极地解决海疆地外患,只得作出消极地反映,即重申海禁政策。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">然而发展海外贸易的巨大利益及流入的巨额白银又是极其诱人。加上明朝后期边疆不靖,人民起义此起彼伏。为解决这些问题朝廷需要巨大的财政开支,唯有广开利源,才能维持统治。因此不得不允许人民下海贸易以收取高额税收。一条鞭法的实行对于朝廷与民间都需要大量的白银,而国内的白银十分有限,只能从海外输入。而美洲的白银在这时也大量地运往亚洲。故此开海也势在必行。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">从上面可以看出,晚明时期明朝的海外贸易政策一直处于禁与开禁的错综复杂地矛盾变化之中。变化无常地海外贸易政策与以往相比,毕竟进一步地松弛,这对促进国内经济的发展,白银的流入都其了一定的积极作用。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; line-height: 22px; font-size: 12px; "><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; text-align: center; "><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">四</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; "><span><font face="Times New Roman"> </font></span></span></b><b><span style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 宋体; ">海禁政策的影响</span></b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 14pt; font-family: 黑体; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代的海禁政策的实施给当时与后来产生了巨大影响。在明代初期,海禁政策的实施,比较有效地遏制了盘踞在东南沿海岛屿的方国珍、张士诚残余势力的骚扰,为明王朝的北疆抗蒙提供了良好的后方环境。同时也促进了官方朝贡贸易的发展,促进了以中原为中心的天朝礼治天下的东亚、西太平洋国际政治体系的发展,这促进了中原的周边环境的相对安定,促进了以朝贡贸易为基础的官营手工业的发展,也促进了国内经济的发展。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">但是,海禁政策更多的是消极作用。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">首先,海禁政策并没有真正起到防范倭乱的作用,实际结果则相反,加剧了「倭患」,据研究发现,<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">所谓「倭寇」其实大多数是明朝本国人<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; font-size: 12px; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">,他们由于明朝的海禁政策而不能从事正常的海外贸易活动,而且沿海少地、多贫瘠,无法依靠农业生存。从而转向走私、转为海盗,或假借倭寇名义骚扰沿海地区。正如张燮所说的:「顾海滨一带,田尽斥卤,耕者无所望岁,只有视渊若陵,久成习惯,富家征货,固得</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">稇</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">载归来;贫者为佣,亦博升米自给。一旦戒严,不得下水,断其生活,若辈悉健有力,不肯抟手困穷,于是所在连接为盗溃裂以出。其久潜综于外者,既触纲不敢归,又连接外夷,乡导以入。」</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn36" name="_ednref36" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">3</font></u></span></span></a><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><font face="Times New Roman">6</font></span></span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">海禁政策反而造成了逼民为盗的副作用。</span></span></span></span></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">其次,造成沿海居民地生活贫困与国家财政收入锐减。海禁政策的实施,使得大量的安分的沿海人民失去生活的依靠,仅仅靠少得可怜的贫瘠土地以求生存。而且由于缺乏与海外的正常贸易,政府的财政收入也失去了一大块。每年的巨额的海外贸易税额从此大量失去。并且由于海外政策的收缩,使得明代从事大量外贸的手工业的萎缩,加剧了人民生活的困苦。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">再次,由于明朝政府实施海禁政策,禁止民间的私人海外贸易。加上官方贸易的逐渐萎缩,在东亚、东南亚、南亚等地区的海外贸易权拱手让与其他国家与地区。先是转返于日本、琉球、东南亚各国及南亚的海盗走私的大量兴起,接着的是欧洲的近代殖民者,从而丧失了在这些地区的贸易主导权。而且隆庆时期的有限开禁也仅仅争得部分利权,贸易也仅限于东西洋,并且还不包括日本。明代实行海禁的这段时间恰恰是世界东西方联系日益密切的关键时期,是明朝走向世界的最佳时期。而明代的海禁政策恰恰失去了这一良好时机,不能不令人扼腕痛惜。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代的海禁政策的消极影响并不仅仅限于此。它为后来的清朝所沿袭,而且过之而无不及,演变成完全封闭的锁国政策,变得更加封闭,更加孤立于世界,长期游离于世界之外。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">最后,海禁对后世的长远利益产生了巨大的负面影响。自宋元以来,东南沿海民间经济势力和海外贸易有很大发展,而活动在东南沿海的海盗与倭寇之患也时起时落。自古以来,中原王朝的威胁主要来自北方与西北边疆,现在又增加了来自东南海疆的新威胁,并且海外可能成为失败的政治势力的基地;海盗与倭寇又可通过通商与走私进行骚扰与泄露国内情报。这时政治斗争出现的一个崭新的动向。也是东亚发展背景不同于西欧的一个发展背景的重要之点。对于新的朱明王朝来说,对这个新问题尤为敏感,故而采取了与官方朝贡贸易政策相对应的民间海禁政策的矛盾措施。这是中原重农抑商的大陆自足发展取向与东南沿海商业开放性发展新趋向的折中。从短期看,也许是可行的,因为巩固了明王朝的统治。但这一政策的长期化与制度化以牺牲新兴经济利益来服从传统政治利益的保守发展取向,是对正在兴旺发展的民间海上商业力量的毁灭性打击,是进一步退三步的做法。</span><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_edn37" name="_ednref37" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span class="MsoEndnoteReference"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><u><font face="Times New Roman" color="#0000ff">37</font></u></span></span></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; "><o:p></o:p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 宋体; ">明代海禁政策的出台并不是单独出现的,而是与朝贡贸易一起出台的,并构成了明代天朝礼治天下的基本内容。明代海禁政策的出台与发展很大程度是消极的抗倭,但实际效果则相反,禁之愈严,盗起愈烈。与倭患成了一对相互促进的关系。象明代中期的海盗与倭寇问题很大程度上是由海禁政策的实施引起的。总之,明代的海禁政策的产生、发展以及实施后所带来的影响都是深远的,不能不引起人们的深思。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="宋体" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: simsun; line-height: 22px; font-size: 12px; "><div id="edn1"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref1" name="_edn1" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">1</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,郑 晓:《吾学编》卷六七、《皇明四夷考》上卷,《日本》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn2"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref2" name="_edn2" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">2</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,谷应泰:明史纪事本末</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">•</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">治海倭乱》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn3"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref3" name="_edn3" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">3</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,王 圻:《续文献通考</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">•••</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">市考》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn4"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref4" name="_edn4" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">4</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">70<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn5"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref5" name="_edn5" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">5</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">205<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn6"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref6" name="_edn6" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">6</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">70<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn7"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref7" name="_edn7" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">7</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">139<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn8"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref8" name="_edn8" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">8</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">159<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn9"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref9" name="_edn9" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">9</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">205<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn10"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref10" name="_edn10" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">10</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">231<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn11"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref11" name="_edn11" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">11</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明太祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">252<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn12"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref12" name="_edn12" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">12</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《大明律》卷<span lang="EN-US">15</span>《兵律》三《关津</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">•私出外境及违禁下海</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn13"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref13" name="_edn13" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">13</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明成祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">10</span>上<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn14"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref14" name="_edn14" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">14</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明成祖实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">27<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn15"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref15" name="_edn15" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">15</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明宣宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">103<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn16"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref16" name="_edn16" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">16</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,张<span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span>燮:《东西洋考》卷<span lang="EN-US">7</span>《饷税考》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn17"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref17" name="_edn17" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">17</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明武宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">48<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn18"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref18" name="_edn18" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">18</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明武宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">67<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn19"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref19" name="_edn19" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">19</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明武宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">113<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn20"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref20" name="_edn20" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">20</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明世宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">38<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn21"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref21" name="_edn21" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">21</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明世宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">54<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn22"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref22" name="_edn22" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">22</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明世宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">108<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn23"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref23" name="_edn23" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">23</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明世宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">154<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn24"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref24" name="_edn24" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">24</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明史》卷<span lang="EN-US">205</span>《朱纨传》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn25"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref25" name="_edn25" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">25</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,赵文华:《嘉靖平倭<span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span>役记略》卷<span lang="EN-US">5<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn26"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref26" name="_edn26" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">26</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,谢<span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span>杰:《虔台倭纂》上卷《倭原》二<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn27"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref27" name="_edn27" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">27</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明经世文编卷》<span lang="EN-US">332</span>《善后六事疏》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn28"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref28" name="_edn28" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">28</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">[</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">德国</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">]</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">贡德</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">•</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">弗兰克《白银资本——重视经济全球化中的东方》,刘北成译,中央编译出版社,<span lang="EN-US">2000</span>年。<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn29"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref29" name="_edn29" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">29</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《明穆宗实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">15<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn30"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref30" name="_edn30" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">30</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《神宗万历实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">8<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn31"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref31" name="_edn31" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">31</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《神宗万历实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">81<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn32"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref32" name="_edn32" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">32</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《神宗万历实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">21<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn33"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref33" name="_edn33" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">033</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《神宗万历实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">503<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn34"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref34" name="_edn34" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">34</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《神宗万历实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">513<o:p></o:p></span></span></p></div><div id="edn35"><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><a title="" href="http://hist.cersp.com/editor.asp?ChannelID=1005&ShowType=0&tContentid=Content#_ednref35" name="_edn35" style="color: rgb(0, 51, 153); text-decoration: underline; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-size: 12px; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; "><u><font color="#0000ff">35</font></u></span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,《熹宗天启实录》卷<span lang="EN-US">75<o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 0cm; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">36</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,张<span lang="EN-US"><span> </span></span>燮:《东西洋考》卷<span lang="EN-US">7</span>《饷税考》<span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">37</span><span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 楷体_GB2312; ">,罗荣渠:《美洲史论》之《为什么不会有东方哥伦布——<span lang="EN-US">15</span>世纪东西航海发展取向的对比与思索》</span></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="楷体_GB2312" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p><p class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-top: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-bottom: 0pt; margin-left: 24pt; text-indent: -24pt; line-height: 20pt; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="楷体_GB2312" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 16px;"><br></span></font></p></div></span></span></font></p></span></span></font></p></span></span></font></p></span></span></font></div>
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