中国的「方言」到底是什么,以下为精辟论文。
<DIV class=Section1><P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體"><A href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm">http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm</A></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-AUTOSPACE: ideograph-numeric; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-layout-grid-align: auto; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體">如何翻译「方言」这个词?</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 20pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 隶书"><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">司</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 標楷體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 標楷體; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold">佳</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn1" name=_ftnref1><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><FONT color=#0000ff>*</FONT></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 20pt; TEXT-ALIGN: center; mso-line-height-rule: exactly" align=center><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun">能否用 <SPAN lang=EN-US>dialect 来对译汉语中「方言」这个概念?美国宾夕法尼亚大学的梅维恒(Victor H. Mair)教授于1991年发表的 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">What Is a Chinese「Dialect / Topolect」?</I> 一文中</SPAN></SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn2" name=_ftnref2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun"> 认为如果按照现在通行的一般观点,即用英语中的 dialect 来指称汉语中的七大「方言」的话,汉藏语系中的层级划分就会出现一些问题。</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">请看下面的对照:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">印欧语系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 7"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">汉藏语系</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">日耳曼语族 ……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 2"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">汉语 ……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">英语</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">荷兰语</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">德语 ……</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 4"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">官话</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">吴</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">粤</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">赣</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">湘</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">客家</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">闽</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">:波士顿、多伦多、</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 3"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">上海话、苏州话</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">长沙话、双峰话</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">德克萨斯、墨尔本、剑桥</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-line-height-alt: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"> <o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">将这两大语系中的语族和语支的划分联系起来看,我们会发现汉语的七大「方言」的地位等同于欧美一些国家的通用语言。而英语中的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">一词表示的恰恰是这些国家语言中的地方方言,这就与汉语中的「方言」所表示的内涵有所分异。比如,英语的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialects </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">有波士顿、多伦多、德克萨斯、墨尔本、剑桥等;同样,官话也可分北京话、南京话、山东话、四川话等,吴语有上海话和苏州话的不同,湘语有长沙、双峰等方言。这样的话,一般我们称作「吴方言」、「粤方言」的「方言」概念显然不是英语中的波士顿、多伦多、德克萨斯等 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialects </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">这一概念了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">这种不当译法的原因可以从汉语中「方言」一词的来源中找寻:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">一、现代汉语中的「方言」是一个「旧词新义」的新词。「方言」二字最早可上溯到扬雄的《方言》一书。扬雄在书中记载了汉时各种事物名称的地域通行范围以及同一事物在各地的不同称呼,而这种「方言」的概念却不是指「某一种语言内部以词汇、习惯用语、发音方法等的不同而再次区分出的两种或两种以上的通用语言」,所以也不是英语中的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">的意思。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">二、「方言」在中国历史上常用作称呼除汉语以外的其他地方的语言。朝鲜语、蒙古语、满语、越南语、日本语等亦被清廷官员称作「方言」,并编入到词汇对照书中。更有晚清学者将西方语言视作「方言」。</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn3" name=_ftnref3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">这不仅不是英语中 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">的意思,还跨出了汉藏语系的范围。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">汉语的「方言」一词被误译作 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">导致西方对「汉语」本身的误解更趋严重。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1985</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">年牛津出版的一本语言学专门字典的作者在书中提醒人们应注意汉语中 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">language </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">和 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">两个概念的关系:「一般认为当人们不能相互理解对方所说的话时,他们在说两种不同的语言(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">language</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)。但汉语中很多所谓的‘方言’(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">so-called dialect</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)在口语形式(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">spoken form</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)上是不能互通的,但却使用同一种书面语(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">written language</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">),这就是为什么人们称它们为‘汉语方言’(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialects of Chinese</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)的主要原因了。」</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn4" name=_ftnref4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">这本字典的作者其实已经注意到了一些问题,因而在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">前添加了‘</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">so-called</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">’(所谓)一词。但对于「现代汉语方言乃使用同一种书面语」这一判断梅教授持不同意见:「就我看到的一些材料足可以证明,现代汉语七大方言中的大部分在音系、词素、正字法、语法上分歧甚大,以致操某种方言的人对其它方言的书面语并不能读得通。」关于这点他还特别指出,中国现行的书面语是一种「标准语」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">Standard Language</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">),各个方言区的人如果要学习读写这种「标准语」,必需与他们各自所操的本土话分开。当然他们也可以用各自的本土话的发音来念「标准语」,但这并不等同于他们平时所说的方言的一整套词汇和语法。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">因而有必要用一个合适的英语词来对应现代汉语中「七大方言」的「方言」概念。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1984</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">年,美国的德范克(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">John De</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體">F</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">rancis</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)教授在其一本汉学著作</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn5" name=_ftnref5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">中发明了用 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">regionalect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">一词对译汉语的「方言」一词,即英语中指「区域」、「地方」的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">region </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">一词与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">-lect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">的组合。梅教授在其</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1991</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">年发表的这篇论文中则建议用希腊词根</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">topo-</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">与</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">-lect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">组成 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">topolect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">一词。这个词的含义就是「某一个地方的语言」(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">language or speech form of a place</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">)。这个「地方」可大可小,具有相对的灵活性。这个地方的语言可分为一系列具有相似于「</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">」特征的次一级语言。比如官话是一种 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">topolect</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">,有北京话和南京话之别,这两者便是 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">dialect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">的关系,与官话相并行的有客家、闽、吴、粤、湘、赣等 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">topolect</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">(方言)。有意思的是,在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1996</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">年初版的由德范克先生主编的《</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">ABC</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; LETTER-SPACING: -2pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">汉英词典》</SPAN><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn6" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftn6" name=_ftnref6><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SUP></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">中,也改而使用梅维恒先生建议的 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">topolect </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">这个词了。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 21pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 16pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun">Topolect一词在2000年出版的第四版美语字典 <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language </I>(fourth edition) 中已有收录。</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">梅维恒先生认为这是他多年来从事汉语研究的一项成绩。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-tab-count: 8"> </SPAN><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">□</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="mso-line-height-alt: 12.0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn1" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftnref1" name=_ftn1><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 14pt; FONT-FAMILY: 创艺繁宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"><FONT color=#0000ff> </FONT></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: 创艺繁宋体; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SUP><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-text-raise: 0pt">*</SPAN></SUP></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-hansi-font-family: 細明體; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"> </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">司佳先生,</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體">美国宾夕法尼亚大学亚洲及中东研究</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-ascii-font-family: 細明體; mso-ansi-language: FR">系。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: -12.3pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.54; mso-char-indent-size: 7.95pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn2" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftnref2" name=_ftn2><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt">. 论文全名为<I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">What Is a Chinese 「Dialect / Topolect」? Reflection on Some Key Sino-English Linguistic Terms</I>, 载于 Sino-Platonic Papers (29, 1991), Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, University of Pennsyvania.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: 16pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0; mso-char-indent-size: 8.0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn3" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftnref3" name=_ftn3><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">. </SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">孙让(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1848-1908</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">),《周礼正义》。台北:</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">1970</SPAN><SPAN lang=ZH-CN style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN">年重印本。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: -14.1pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.76; mso-char-indent-size: 8.0pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn4" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftnref4" name=_ftn4><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體">. Crystal, David.<SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN><I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. </I><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes"> </SPAN>Oxford: Basil Blackwell in association with André Deutsch, 1985.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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<P class=MsoFootnoteText style="TEXT-JUSTIFY: inter-ideograph; TEXT-INDENT: -13.35pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 12pt; TEXT-ALIGN: justify; mso-char-indent-count: -1.67; mso-char-indent-size: 7.95pt"><A title="" style="mso-footnote-id: ftn5" href="http://resources.edb.gov.hk/~chinjour/no70/70_15.htm#_ftnref5" name=_ftn5><SPAN class=MsoFootnoteReference><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體; mso-text-raise: 0pt"><SPAN style="mso-special-character: footnote"><FONT color=#0000ff></FONT></SPAN></SPAN></SPAN></A><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體">. DeFrancis, John. <I style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">The Chinese Language: Fact and Fantasy</I>. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1984.</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 8pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: ZH-CN; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 細明體"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P></DIV>
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