英语拼法改革
<div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; border-top-width: 0px !important; border-right-width: 0px !important; border-bottom-width: 0px !important; border-left-width: 0px !important; border-style: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: initial !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">法文好多系历史发音的。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">但因为有历史发音后来唔发音嘅，启发左法国人用逻辑类推出一系列唔发音嘅拼法来表达语法特色等。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">爱尔兰语的 加 h 辅音和 旁加前元音的辅音你应该知道，很多是逻辑整理过的。如果没有逻辑整理过，全欧洲的拼法都像英语一样约定俗成。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">如果英语拼法像 荷兰语，西班牙语，丹麦语一样重新整理过，则 面貌全非，读起来如 非洲文字。<div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/reform-files.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">http://www.wyrdplay.org/reform-files.html</a></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; background-color: rgb(234, 234, 193); color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><h1 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; text-align: center; ">Spelling Reform Files</h1><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">This page links to a number of files about spelling reform, including descriptions of and text in a number of systems. As the site grows, I hope to include some files transcribing the same text into many systems, allowing the reader to easily contrast the use of these systems in practice.<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">The systems are organized both by the kind of system (according to <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/reform-class.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">this</a> classification scheme) and by their inventor.<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Some systems have external links, and some are links to files on wyrdplay.org. The external files are noted as such. Note that I have not modified the content of any of the files, which still represent their author's original intent. I may have altered an author's original file to improve its appearance, with the author's permission.<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Many of the referenced pages include SAMPA phonemic encodings enclosed in slashes, as in this example: /Igz{mp@l/. A quick reference on the SAMPA encoding for English may be found <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SAMPA_chart_for_English" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">here</a>. More details may be found <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X-SAMPA" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">here</a>.<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Spelling systems (by type)</big></h2><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Strictly phonemic systems<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/SteveBett/ENgliS-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">ENgliS</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/FLOSS-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">FLOSS</a> (Fonemic Latin-One Spelling System)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/MCM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">MCM</a> (Mixed Case Minglish)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.nooalf.com/ING%20PIKsRZ.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">NQaLF</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.unifon.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Unifon</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Phonemic systems</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/Bobdot-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot</a> (see also <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Bobdot-ph.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot-ph</a>) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Bobdot)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Compare-the-dots.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot</a> (compared to Arbdot)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Fanetik</a> (external site)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.inglish.us/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Inglish</a></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "> (external site)</big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/GusHasselquist/Inglish2-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Inglish2</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Ipifuny-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Ipifuny</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/LI-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Lojikl Inglish</a> (see also <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/RLI.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RLI</a>) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Convert</a> to LI)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Portul-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Portul</a> (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Portul)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.bdm.id.au/language/srea2.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">SREA2</a> (Spelling Reform with an Extended Alphabet 2) (external site)<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/SRS4g-design.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">SRS4g</a> (Simplified ReSpell 4g)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.truespel.com/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Truespel</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WLM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WLM </a>(Weird Looking Minglish, reference)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WLM-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WLM</a> (introduction, written in WLM)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Hybrid systems</big></h3><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-left: 40px; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.spellingsociety.org/news/pvs/pv8rondthaler.php" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">ALC SoundSpel</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Arbdash-prelim.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdash</a> (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Arbdash)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Arbdot-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdot</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Compare-the-dots.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdot</a> (compared to Bobdot)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Folksrite-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Folksrite</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/IRM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">IRM</a> (Increased Readability Minglish)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WMM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WMM</a> (Weirdly Marked Minglish)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p></div><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Respelling systems</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (Diacritically Regularized English, reference) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to DRE)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (introduction, written in DRE) <br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-examples.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (examples)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="file:///C:/ARB/Projects/Ming/MultiMing/wyrdplay/AlanBeale/DRE-design.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (design justification)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PeteBoardman/MORE-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">MORE</a> (Majic-e Oanly RITE)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.ritespel.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RITE</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/SRS-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">SRS</a> (Simplified ReSpell)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AxelWijk/WRE-notes.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WRE</a> (Wijk's Regularized English, notes)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Spelling systems (by inventor)</big></h2><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Alan Beale</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/My-systems.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Overview of my systems</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Arbdash-prelim.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdash</a></big> <big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Arbdash)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Arbdot-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdot</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Compare-the-dots.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdot</a> (compared to Bobdot)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (Diacritically Regularized English, reference) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to DRE)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; text-decoration: underline; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a></span> (introduction, written in DRE)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-examples.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (examples)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-design.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a> (design justification)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/FLOSS-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">FLOSS</a> (Fonemic Latin-One Spelling system)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/IRM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">IRM</a> (Increased Readability Minglish)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/RLI.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RLI</a> (a variant of <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/LI-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Lojikl Inglish</a>) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to RLI)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/MCM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">MCM</a> (Mixed Case Minglish)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WLM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WLM </a></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(Weird Looking Minglish, reference)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WLM-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WLM</a> (introduction, written in WLM)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/WMM-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WMM</a> (Weirdly Marked Minglish)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">American Literacy Council</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.spellingsociety.org/news/pvs/pv8rondthaler.php" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">ALC Soundspel</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Axel Wijk</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AxelWijk/WRE-notes.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">WRE</a> (Wijk's Regularized English, notes)</big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></span></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Bob Boden</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/Bobdot-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot</a> (see also <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Bobdot-ph.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot-ph</a>) (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Bobdot)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="file:///C:/ARB/Projects/Ming/MultiMing/wyrdplay/BobBoden/SRS-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">SRS</a> (Simplified ReSpell)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/SRS4g-design.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">SRS4g</a> (Simplified ReSpell 4g)</big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Bruce Mills</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.bdm.id.au/language/srea2.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">SREA2</a> (Spelling Reform with an Extended Alphabet 2) (external site)</big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">George Lahey</big></h3><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-left: 40px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.inglish.us/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); font-weight: normal; ">Inglish</a><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "> (external site)</span></big></div><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Gus Hasselquist</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/GusHasselquist/Inglish2-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Inglish2</a></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">John Malone</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.unifon.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); font-weight: normal; ">Unifon</a><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "> (external site)</span></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">L. Craig Schoonmaker</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-weight: normal; "></span></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Fanetik</a> (external site)</big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Openrite Group</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.ritespel.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RITE</a> (external site)</big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-weight: bold; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></span></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Paul Stought</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/My-systems-030307.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Status of my systems</a></big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Folksrite-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Folksrite</a></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Ipifuny-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Ipifuny</a></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Portul-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Portul</a> (<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">convert</a> to Portul)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Pete Boardman</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "> <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PeteBoardman/MORE-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">MORE</a> (Majic-e Oanly RITE)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Rollo Reid</big></h3><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "> <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/LI-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Lojikl Inglish</a> (see also <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/RLI.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RLI</a>) </big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Convert</a> to LI)</big><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Steve Bett</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/SteveBett/ENgliS-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">ENgliS</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><h3 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Tom Zurinkas</big></h3><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.truespel.com/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Truespel</a> (external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><a name="The_Wyrdplay_Converter" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "></a><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">The Wyrdplay Converter</big></h2><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">The <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/spelling-converter.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Wyrdplay Converter</a> allows you to convert English passages in standard spelling into one of six reformed spellings: <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Arbdash-prelim.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Arbdash</a>,<a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/Bobdot-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bobdot</a>, <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a>, <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/LI-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Lojikl Inglish</a>, <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Portul-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Portul</a> and <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/RLI.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Rifaurmed Lojikl Inglish</a>. Give it a try!</big></big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "></p><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a name="Transcrip" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "></a>Comparative Transcriptions</big></h2><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/Transcriptions/LateArrival.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Bob Boden's "The Late Arrival"</a> (in 4 respelling systems)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/samples.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Samples of Paul Stought's systems</a> (5 texts)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/Transcriptions/TheStar.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">H.G. Wells' "The Star"</a> (in 11 systems)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a name="Prose" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "></a>Long Transcriptions</big></h2><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-left: 40px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Ernest Hemingway's <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/OeldMan.zip" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"The Old Man and the Sea"</a> (in <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/RolloReid/LI-rules.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Lojikl Inglish</a>)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">H.G. Wells' <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/TiemMusheen.zip" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"The Time Machine"</a> (in <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Ipifuny-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Ipifuny-oo</a>)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Lewis Carroll's <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/Snark.zip" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"The Hunting of the Snark"</a> (in reduced <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/DRE-intro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">DRE</a>)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">O Henry's <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/The%20Ransum%20of%20Red%20Cheef.zip" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"The Ransom of Red Chief"</a> (in <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/Folksrite-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Folksrite</a>)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></div><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 1em; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Other Files</big></h2><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 40px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: left; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/ABCD-def.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">ABCD, A Blended Spelling/Pronunciation Code</a> (Alan Beale)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/CAAPR-ref.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">CAAPR, a Combined Anglo-American Pronunciation Reference</a> (Alan Beale)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/dict1.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Constructing an Alternate Dictionary</big></a> <big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(Alan Beale)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/PaulStought/System-design.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Designing Spelling Systems</a></big> <big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(Paul Stought and Alan Beale)</big><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/dia/diacritics-revised.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Diacritics and Computing</a> (J C Wells, external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.spellingsociety.org/journals/j3/accents.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">English Accents and Their Implications</a> (J C Wells, external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/TS-sounds.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">English Sound-Symbol Correspondences</a> (Alan Beale)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.stav.org.il/karmeli" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Extending the Alphabet</a> (Michael Avinor, external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/NBC-vowel-sounds.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">NBC English Vowel Proposal</a> (Bob Boden)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/BobBoden/NBC-sound-chart.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">NBC English Sound Chart</a> (Bob Boden)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://360.yahoo.com/apprentice42" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Paul Stought's Spelling Reform Blog</a> (Paul Stought)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.phondot.com/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Phondot, a new approach to teaching reading</a> (Bob Boden, external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.xibalba.demon.co.uk/jbr/ortho.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Refuting the arguments against reform</a> (Justin B Rye, external site)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/RESCUE.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">RESCUE, a transparent phonemic notation</a> (Alan Beale, with help from David Barrow)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/AlanBeale/keyboard.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Typing Diacritics with Windows</a> (Alan Beale)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></p><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; width: 1236px; height: 2px; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">To comment on this page, e-mail Alan at wyrdplay.org<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; text-align: left; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Go to wyrdplay.org <a href="http://www.wyrdplay.org/index.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">home page</a><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p></div><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; text-align: center; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></big></big></p><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a target="_top" href="http://www.sitemeter.com/stats.asp?site=s15wyrdplay" id="idSiteMeterHREF" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><img border="0" alt="Site Meter" src="http://s15.sitemeter.com/meter.asp?site=s15wyrdplay&refer=&ip=174.94.20.238&w=1280&h=800&clr=32&tzo=240&lang=en-US&pg=http%3A//www.wyrdplay.org/reform-files.html&js=1&rnd=0.6764229706022888" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; 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margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><h5 align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: black; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/index.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Main Menu</a></h5><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt1.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Spelling Reform Menu</a> || <a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/depe.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Dead People</a> || <a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/link.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Reform Links</a></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><h3 align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: black; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Spelling Reform Schemes</h3><p class="MsoNormal" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; font-size: 13.5pt; ">I</span>f you are one of the large number of English-speakers who have been secretly tinkering with ways to reform English spelling for as long as you can remember, you may be relieved to learn that other people have been doing much the same thing.</p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><h3 align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: black; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Short Samples</h3><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; ">Here are some examples of English text in reformed systems. The systems themselves are more or less plausible, but they do give you some idea of the range of proposals.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt6.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Truespel</a> This text was transcribed from tradtional orthography automatically, using the Perl program. See the Links page for more information.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt7.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Fonetic</a> This text was transcribed from tradtional orthography automatically, using the Perl program. See the Links page for more information.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt8.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Cut Spelng</a> This text was transcribed from tradtional orthography automatically, using the Perl program. See the Links page for more information.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt9.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">New Spelling</a> In some ways, this is the "right" solution. The Simplified Spelling Society promoted it for several decades after the late 1940s, and not always without hope of official recognition. On the whole, though, it was probably too radical.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><h3 align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: black; text-align: center; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Particular Schemes in Detail</h3><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-left: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/alt5.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Altscript</a> This is my own system. Read it and weep.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://victorian.fortunecity.com/vangogh/555/Spell/truespell-short.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Spelriet</a> Paul Cunningham's reform proposal.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://rudhar.com/lingtics/englspel.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">A rashnalized spelling sistim for dhe Ingglish langwij</a><o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://members.aol.com/Fanetiks" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Fanetik</a><o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.tutoru.com/Phonetics.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Phonetic English</a><o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://members.aol.com/bsfreedman/phonatic/phonatic.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Simplified Spelling -or- Phonetics for Fanatics</a><o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.riva.com/re" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Reformed English</a> A new alphabet, downloadable font.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.nuspel.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">NuSpel</a> A new alphabet.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0.5in; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0.5in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><span style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/tggp2.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Snapscript</a> A more mature version of Altscript, by yours truly.<o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></span></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/iln.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Copyright © 1999 by John J. Reilly</a></p><div class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-left: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; text-align: center; "><hr size="2" width="100%" align="center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><p class="MsoNormal" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; margin-left: 0in; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman'; color: black; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.johnreilly.info/reply1.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: blue; ">Comments</a><o:p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></o:p></i></b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; 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"><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">http://www.fanetik.org/</a></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><p align="Right" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">[<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#end" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">End</a>]<small style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><small style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "> </i></small></small></p><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">[<a href="http://www.geocities.com/sswordday" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Simpler Spelling Word of the Day</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#index" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Index</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#intro" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Introduction</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#table" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Table that explains the system</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/corrpron.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"Correct Pronunciation" wordlist</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/links.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Links to Other Websites Concerned with Spelling</a>]</b></p><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "></p><h1 align="Center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><a name="top" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">FANETIK</a></h1><h1 align="Center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; ">Reformed (Phonetic) English Spelling —<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">At Least for Teaching</h1><p align="Right" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><small style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><small style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">A Project of <a href="http://members.aol.com/Schoonmakr/index.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">L. Craig Schoonmaker</a> (Chairman, <a href="http://members.aol.com/XPUS/index.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Expansionist Party of the United States</a>)<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">295 Smith Street, Newark, New Jersey 07106, United States<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Phone: (973) 416-6151<br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">E-mail: <a href="mailto:Fanetiks@aol.com" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Fanetiks@aol.com</a></small></small></p><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Welkam tu a nu wae uv rieting Ingglish — a raashanal wae. Witth tha taebool givan beelo (imeedeeyatle aafter "What's New" aand the Intradukshan), eneewun kaan riet ene werd in the Ingglish laanggwaj so thaat eneewun els hu aulso noez tha sistam kaan reed it witthout ene kweschan about hou ene uv tha werdz iz pranounst. He wil eevan noe hwut aaksent yu speek, Amairikan aur British, bi hou yu riet werds liek "skejool" aur "shejool", "kaan't" aur "kon't", "eether" aur "iether", "tamaeto" aur "tamoto", etc. But I'm geting ahed uv mieself. Let us reetern tu staanderd speling tu eksplaen this projekt. (If, houwever, yu'd ferst liek tu se maur Fanetik tu test yaur abilite tu reed Fanetik witthout beeying toeld tha ruelz, <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#samples" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">klik heer</a>. Tu go direktle tu tha taebool thaat givz tha ruelz, <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#table" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">klik heer</a>.)</big></big></p><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><h1 align="Center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; font-size: medium; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; "><a name="index" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Index</a></h1><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(Dates are when the page was first added to the site, not the latest revision.)</i></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">4/24/05: <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/links.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Links to Other Websites Concerned with Spelling</a>.</b> Listed here are websites that provide a reciprocal link to our website. Any webmaster interested in a link exchange should send an email to<a href="mailto:Fanetiks@aol.com" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Fanetiks@aol.com</a>.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">4/7/99: <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/leaves1.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Leaves of Grass</i>, Part I</a>.</b> I have phoneticized (Fanétisìezd) the beginning of the single most famous book of poetry in the English language, from start thru "Song of Myself". It appears in two-column Éeze Réeder format (standard spelling on the left, Fanetik with accents for syllabic stress on the right). There is some proofreading to be done, and maybe some illustrations to be added, but this 43,000-word file shows the utility of Fanetik in conveying the sounds of poetic language.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">3/3/99: <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/placenames.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Place Names Phoneticized</b></a>. Spelling reform must include geographic names if it is to be successful and maximally useful. This section phoneticizes the names of all the countries of the world and their capitals; major world cities; main subdivisions and well-known localities in the major English-speaking countries; and major geographical features, such as the continents, oceans and well-known seas, lakes, rivers, and mountains.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">12/28/98: <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/Matthew.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">The Gospel According to Saint Matthew</a></b>, in Éeze Réeder format (traditional spelling on the left, Augméntad Fanétik (Fanetik with accents to show syllabic stress) on the right. The entire Gospel appears, in both spellings, for a total of about 50,000 words. People uncertain whether Fanetik is a good system can see at this site enough of it to judge. They should find personal and place names much easier to deal with in Fanetik than in standard spelling.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">11/15/98: <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/BASIC.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"BASIC" English</a> (<u style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">B</u>ritish <u style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">A</u>merican <u style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">S</u>cientific <u style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">I</u>nternational <u style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">C</u>ommercial) in Fanetik</b> — a transliteration into Fanetik and Augméntad Fanétik of all 850 words of the simplified-English system created by C.K. Ogden in 1928 and endorsed by Winston Churchill, Franklin Roosevelt and others as an auxiliary international language.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">11/1/98: <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.fanetik.org/names.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Phoneticizing Names</a>,</b> <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">two tables of personal names (first and last)</b> showing how almost 1,300 common names in English-speaking countries (but especially the United States) are spelled in Fanetik and Augméntad Fanétik. <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Look up your name(s) and those of friends and relatives.</b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; ">6/14/98: <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/corrpron.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Correct Pronunciation: A Prescriptive Dictionary</b></a> that employs the Fanetik spelling system to cue readers to <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">preferred pronunciations of commonly mispronounced English words</b>. That area comprises a table of over 1,700 words and more than 120 usage notes, plus an <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/cpintro.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">introduction with discussion of guiding principles</b></a> to correctness in speech.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">5/19/98: <a href="http://www.fanetik.org/Spanish.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Spanish version of the Fanetik table</a>, to give approximate Spanish equivalents to the sounds of English. </b>This will also be useful to speakers of other Continental European languages whose sounds are similar to those of Spanish, and to students of yet other languages who understand the sound system of Spanish but not that of English.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">(4/23/98):<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#FP5" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Federalist Paper No. 5</a>,</b> which warned the people of the newly independent 'United' States of the danger of forming more than one country from the former Thirteen Colonies, in <b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Éeze Réeder</b>form. This is a sample of the kinds of things I should like to publish in an Éeze Réeder volume, tentatively titled "Réedingz in Damókrasè", that would make important primary sources on the development of the democratic mindset more readily accessible to students of English as a Second Language across the slowly democratizing Third World.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: medium; "><font color="Navy" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></b></font></p></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><font color="Navy" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Peepool not interestad in histare aur politiks miet not fiend this mateereeyal vere interesting, but it duz maek plaen thaat eevan vere safistikaetad aand faurmal rieting kaan be renderd eezile pranounst bi Fanetik.</b><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><table border="" cellspacing="1" cellpadding="7" width="100%" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; empty-cells: show; border-collapse: collapse; "><tbody style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><tr valign="Top" width="50%" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">AMERICAN HISTORICAL DOCUMENTS <p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">THE MONROE DOCTRINE</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">December 2, 1823</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">At the proposal of the Russian imperial government made through the minister of the Emperor residing here, a full power and instructions have been transmitted to the Minister of the United States at St. Petersburg, to arrange, by amicable negotiation, the respective rights and interests of the two nations on the northwest coast of this continent. A similar proposal has been made by his Imperial Majesty to the government of Great Britain, which has likewise been acceded to. The government of the United States has been desirous, by this friendly proceeding, of manifesting the great value which they have invariably attached to the friendship of the emperor, and their solicitude to cultivate the best understanding with his government. In the discussions to which this interest has given rise, and in the arrangements by which they may terminate, the occasion has been judged proper for asserting, as a principle in which the rights and interests of the United States are involved, that the American continents, by the free and independent condition which they have assumed and maintain, are henceforth not to be considered as subjects for future colonization by any European powers.</p></td><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">AMÁIRIKAN HISTÁURIKOOL DÓKYOOMANTS <p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">THE MANRÓE DÓKTRIN</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Deesémber sekand, Áeteen Twèntee-Tthré</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Aat tha prapóezool uv tha Rúshan impéereeyal gúvernmant maed tthru tha mínister uv the Émperer reezíeding heer, a fool póuwer aand instrúkshanz haav bin traanzmítad tu tha Mínister uv the Yooníetad Staets aat Saent Péeterzberg, tu aráenj, bi áamikabool nigòesheeyáeshan, tha reespéktiv riets aand ínterests uv tha tueq náeshanz on tha náurtthwèst koest uv this kóntinant. A símiler prapóezool haaz bin maed bi hiz Impéereeyal Máajaste tu tha gúvernmant uv Graet Brítan, hwich haaz líekwiez bin aakséedad tu. Tha gúvernmant uv the Yooníetad Staets haaz bin dizíeras, bi this fréndle proeséeding, uv máanifesting tha graet váalyue hwich thae haav inváareeyable atáacht tu tha fréndship uv the émperer, aand thair salísitued tu kúltivaet tha best understáanding witth hiz gúvernmant. In tha diskúshanz tu hwich this ínterest haaz gívan riez, aand in the aráenjmants bi hwich thae mae términaet, the akáezhan haaz bin jujd próper faur asérting, aaz a prínsipool in hwich tha riets aand ínterests uv the Yooníetad Staets or invólvd, thaat the Amáirikan kóntinants, bi tha fre aand indeepéndant kandíshan hwich thae haav asúemd aand maentáen, or hénsfaurtth not tu be kansíderd aaz súbjekts faur fyúecher kòlanizáeshan bi éne Yuerapéeyan póuwerz.</p></td></tr><tr valign="Top" width="50%" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">It was stated at the commencement of the last session, that a great effort was then making in Spain and Portugal, to improve the condition of the people of those countries, and that it appeared to be conducted with extraordinary moderation. It need scarcely be remarked, that the result has been, so far, very different from what was then anticipated. Of events in that quarter of the globe, with which we have so much intercourse, and from which we derive our origin, we have always been anxious and interested spectators. The citizens of the United States cherish sentiments the most friendly, in favor of the liberty and happiness of their fellow men on that side of the Atlantic. In the wars of the European powers, in matters relating to themselves, we have never taken any part, nor does it comport with our policy, so to do. It is only when our rights are invaded, or seriously menaced, that we resent injuries, or make preparation for our defence.</td><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">It wuz stáetad aat tha kaménsmant uv tha laast séshan, thaat a graet éfert wuz then máeking in Spaen aand Páurchagool, tu imprúev tha kandíshan uv tha péepool uv thoez kúntreez, aand thaat it apéerd tu be kandúktad witth ekstráurdinere moderáeshan. It need skáirsle be reemórkt, thaat tha reezúlt haaz bin, so for, vére dífrant frum hwut wuz then aantísipaetad. Uv eevénts in thaat kwáurter uv tha gloeb, witth hwich we haav so much ínterkaus, aand frum hwich we diríev óuwer áurijin, we haav áulwaez bin ánngkshas aand ínterestad spéktaeterz. Tha sítizanz uv the Yooníetad Staets chérish séntimants tha moest fréndle, in fáever uv tha líberte aand háapeenas uv thair félo men on thaat sied uv the Aatláantik. In tha waurz uv tha Yùerapéeyan póuwerz, in máaterz reeláeting tu themsélvz, we haav néver táekan éne port, naur duz it kampáurt witth óuwer pólise, so tu du. It iz óenle hwen óuwer riets or inváedad, aur séereeyasle ménast, thaat we reezént ínjareez, aur maek preparáeshan faur óuwer deeféns.</td></tr><tr valign="Top" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">With the movements in this hemisphere, we are, of necessity, more immediately connected, and by causes which must be obvious to all enlightened and impartial observers. The political system of the allied powers is essentially different in this respect from that of America. This difference proceeds from that which exists in their respective governments. And to the defence of our own, which has been achieved by the loss of so much blood and treasure, and matured by the wisdom of their most enlightened citizens, and under which we have enjoyed unexampled felicity, this whole nation is devoted. We owe it, therefore, to candor, and to the amicable relations existing between the United States and those powers, to declare, that we should consider any attempt on their part to extend their system to any portion of this hemisphere, as dangerous to our peace and safety. With the existing colonies or dependencies of any European power, we have not interfered, and shall not interfere. But with the governments who have declared their independence, and maintained it, and whose independence we have, on great consideration, and on just principles, acknowledged, we could not view any interposition for the purpose of oppressing them, or controlling, in any other manner, their destiny, by any European power, in any other light than as the manifestation of an unfriendly disposition towards the United States. In the war between those new governments and Spain, we declared our neutrality at the time of their recognition, and to this we have adhered, and shall continue to adhere, provided no change shall occur, which, in the judgment of the competent authorities of this government, shall make a corresponding change, on the part of the United States, indispensable to their security.</td><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Witth tha múevmants in this hémisfeer, we or, uv nisésiste, maur iméedeeyatle kanéktad, aand bi káuzaz hwich must be óbveeyas tu aul enlíetand aand impórshal abzérverz. Tha palítikal sístam uv the alíed póuwerz iz isénshale dífrant in this reespékt frum thaat uv Amáirika. This dífrans proeséedz frum thaat hwich egzísts in thair reespéktiv gúvernmants. And tu tha deeféns uv óuwer oen, hwich haaz bin achéevd bi tha laus uv so much blud aand trézher, aand machúerd bi tha wízdam uv thair moest enlíetand sítizanz, aand únder hwich we haav enjóid unegzáampoold filísite, this hoel náeshan iz deevóetad. We oe it, tháirfaur, tu káander, aand tu the áamikabool reeláeshanz egzísting beetwéen the Yooníetad Staets aand thoez póuwerz, tu deekláir, thaat we shood kansíder éne atémt on thair port tu eksténd thair sístam tu éne páurshan uv this hémisfeer, aaz dáenjeras tu óuwer pees aand sáefte. Witth the egzísting kólaneez aur deepéndanseez uv éne Yuerapéeyan póuwer, we haav not interféerd, aand shaal not interféer. But witth tha gúvernmants hu haav deekláird thair indeepéndans, aand maentáend it, aand huez indeepéndans we haav, on graet kansideráeshan, aand on just prínsipoolz, aaknólajd, we kood not vyu éne ìnterpazíshan faur tha pérpas uv aprésing them, aur kantróeling, in éne úther máaner, thair déstine, bi éne Yuerapéeyan póuwer, in éne úther liet thaan aaz tha màanifastáeshan uv aan unfréndle dispazíshan taurdz the Yooníetad Staets. In tha waur beetwéen thoez nu gúvernmants aand Spaen, we deekláird óuwer nuetráalite aat the tiem uv thair rekagníshan, aand tu this we haav aadhéerd, aand shaal kantínyue tu aadhéer, pravíedad no chaenj shaal akér, hwich, in tha jújmant uv tha kómpatant autthóriteez uv this gúvernmant, shaal maek a koraspónding chaenj, on tha port uv the Yooníetad Staets, indispénsabool tu thair sikyúerite.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="47%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">The late events in Spain and Portugal, shew that Europe is still unsettled. Of this important fact, no stronger proof can be adduced than that the allied powers should have thought it proper, on any principle satisfactory to themselves, to have interposed, by force, in the internal concerns of Spain. To what extent such interposition may be carried, on the same principle, is a question, to which all independent powers, whose governments differ from theirs, are interested; even those most remote, and surely none more so than the United States. Our policy, in regard to Europe, which was adopted at an early stage of the wars which have so long agitated that quarter of the globe, nevertheless remains the same, which is, not to interfere in the internal concerns of any of its powers; to consider the government de facto as the legitimate government for us; to cultivate friendly relations with it, and to preserve those relations by a frank, firm, and manly policy; meeting, in all instances, the just claims of every power; submitting to injuries from none. But, in regard to these continents, circumstances are eminently and conspicuously different. It is impossible that the allied powers should extend their political system to any portion of either continent, without endangering our peace and happiness: nor can any one believe that our Southern Brethren, if left to themselves, would adopt it of their own accord. It is equally impossible, therefore, that we should behold such interposition, in any form, with indifference. If we look to the comparative strength and resources of Spain and those new governments, and their distance from each other, it must be obvious that she can never subdue them. It is still the true policy of the United States to leave the parties to themselves, in the hope that other powers will pursue the same course.</td><td width="53%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Tha laet eevénts in Spaen aand Púarchagool, sho thaat Yúerap iz stil unsétoold. Uv this impáurtant faakt, no stráungger pruef kaan be adúest thaan thaat the alíed póuwerz shood haav tthaut it próper, on éne prínsipool saatisfáaktare tu themsélvz, tu haav ìnterpóezd, bi faurs, in the intérnool kansérnz uv Spaen. Tu hwut ekstént such ìnterpazíshan mae be káareed, on tha saem prínsipool, iz a kwéschan, tu hwich aul indeepéndant póuwerz, huez gúvernmants dífer frum thairz, or ínterestad; éevan thoez moest reemóet, aand shúerle nun maur so thaan the Yooníetad Staets. Óuwer pólise, in reegórd tu Yúerap, hwich wuz adóptad aat aan érle staej uv tha waurz hwich haav so laung áajitaetad thaat kwáurter uv tha gloeb, nèverthalés reemáenz tha saem, hwich iz, not tu interféer in the intérnool kansérnz uv éne uv its póuwerz; tu kansíder tha gúvernmant dae fáaktoe aaz tha lijítimat gúvernmant faur us; tu kúltivaet fréndle reeláeshanz witth it, aand tu preezérv thoez reeláeshanz bi a fraangk, ferm, aand máanle pólise; méeting, in aul ínstansaz, tha just klaemz uv évre póuwer; sabmíting tu ínjareez frum nun. But, in reegórd tu theez kóntinents, sérkamstàansaz or éminantle aand kanspíkyuewasle díferant. It iz impósibool thaat the alíed póuwerz shood eksténd thair palítikal sístam tu éne páurshan uv éether kóntinent, witthóut endáenjering óuwer pees aand háapeenas: naur kaan éneewun biléev thaat óuwer Súthern Bréthran, if left tu themsélvz, wood adópt it uv thair oen akáurd. It iz éekwale impósibool, tháirfaur, thaat we shood beehóeld such ìnterpazíshan, in éne faurm, witth indífrans. If we look tu tha kampáarativ strengktth aand réesaursaz uv Spaen aand thoez nu gúvernmants, aand thair dístans frum eech úther, it must be óbveeyas thaat she kaan néver sabdúe them. It iz stil tha tru pólise uv the Yooníetad Staets tu leev tha pórteez tu themsélvz, in tha hoep thaat úther póuwerz wil persúe tha saem kaurs.</td></tr></tbody></table></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "></p><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">I nou preezent <a name="FP5" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Federalist Paeper Number 5</a>, hwich adrest the daenjerz uv faurming maur thaan wun kuntre out uv the 13 nuele-indeependent "staets" uv tha (skairsle) Yoonietad Staets. In thaat this paeper haad tu be ritan, it iz kleer thaat thair wuz a point aat hwich faurming sumtthing uther thaan a singgool Naeshan wuz beeying kansiderd bi a lot uv Amairikanz in tha 13 nue kuntreez uv Naurtth Amairika.</b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "></p><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><table border="" cellpadding="8" width="100%" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; empty-cells: show; border-collapse: collapse; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><tbody style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><tr valign="Top" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); "><font face="Book Antiqua" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">FEDERALIST No. 5 </font><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">The Same Subject Continued</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">(Concerning Dangers From Foreign Force and Influence)</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">For the Independent Journal.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">To the People of the State of New York:</p></td><td style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">FÉDERALIST Númber Fiev<p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tha Saem Súbjekt Kantínyued</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">(Kansérning Dáenjerz Frum Fóran Faurs aand Ínfluewans)</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Faur the Ìndeepéndant Jérnal.</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">Tu tha Péepool uv tha Staet uv Nu Yaurk:</p></td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">QUEEN ANNE, in her letter of the 1st July, 1706, to the Scotch Parliament, makes some observations on the importance of the UNION then forming between England and Scotland, which merit our attention. I shall present the public with one or two extracts from it: "An entire and perfect union will be the solid foundation of lasting peace: It will secure your religion, liberty, and property; remove the animosities amongst yourselves, and the jealousies and differences betwixt our two kingdoms. It must increase your strength, riches, and trade; and by this union the whole island, being joined in affection and free from all apprehensions of different interest, will be enabled to resist all its enemies." "We most earnestly recommend to you calmness and unanimity in this great and weighty affair, that the union may be brought to a happy conclusion, being the only effectual way to secure our present and future happiness, and disappoint the designs of our and your enemies, who will doubtless, on this occasion, use their utmost endeavors to prevent or delay this union."</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">KWEEN AAN, in her léter uv tha first Joolí, sévanteen o siks, tu tha Skoch Pórlamant, maeks sum òbserváeshanz on the impáurtans uv tha YÚENYAN then fáurming beetwéen Ínggland aand Skótland, hwich mérit óuwer aténchan. I shaal preezént tha públik witth wun aur tueq ékstraakts frum it: "Aan entíeyer aand pérfakt yúenyan wil be tha sólid foundáeshan uv láasting pees: It wil sikyúer yaur reelíjan, líberte, aand próperte; reemúev the aanimósiteez amúngkst yaursélvz, aand tha jélaseez aand díferansaz bitwíkst óuwer tueq kíngdamz. It must inkrées yaur strengktth, ríchaz, aand traed; aand bi this yúenyan tha hoel íeland, béeying joind in afékshan aand fre frum aul àapreehénshanz uv díferant ínterest, wil be enáeboold tu reezíst aul its énameez." "We moest érnastle rekaménd tu yu kómnas aand yuenanímite in this graet aand wáete afáir, thaat tha yúenyan mae be braut tu a háape kanklúezhan, béeying the óenle ifékchuewal wae tu sikyúer óuwer prézant aand fyúecher háapeenas, aand disapóint tha dizíenz uv óuwer and yaur énameez, hu wil dóutlas, on this akáezhan, yuez thair útmoest endéverz tu preevént aur deeláe this yúenyan." </td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">It was remarked in the preceding paper, that weakness and divisions at home would invite dangers from abroad; and that nothing would tend more to secure us from them than union, strength, and good government within ourselves. This subject is copious and cannot easily be exhausted.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">It wuz reemórkt in tha preeséeding páeper, thaat wéeknas aand divízhanz aat hoem wood invíet dáenjerz frum abráud; aand thaat nútthing wood tend maur tu sikyúer us frum them thaan yúenyan, strengktth, aand good gúvernment witthín ouwersélvz. This súbjekt iz kóepeeyas aand káanot éezile be egzáustad.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">The history of Great Britain is the one with which we are in general the best acquainted, and it gives us many useful lessons. We may profit by their experience without paying the price which it cost them. Although it seems obvious to common sense that the people of such an island should be but one nation, yet we find that they were for ages divided into three, and that those three were almost constantly embroiled in quarrels and wars with one another. Notwithstanding their true interest with respect to the continental nations was really the same, yet by the arts and policy and practices of those nations, their mutual jealousies were perpetually kept inflamed, and for a long series of years they were far more inconvenient and troublesome than they were useful and assisting to each other.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Tha hístare uv Graet Brítan iz tha wun witth hwich we or in jéneral tha best akwáentad, aand it givz us méne yúesfool lésanz. We mae prófit bi thair ekspéereeyans witthóut páeying tha pries hwich it kaust them. Althó it seemz óbveeyas tu kóman sens thaat tha péepool uv such aan íeland shood be but wun náeshan, yet we fiend thaat thae wer faur áejaz divíedad íntu tthre, aand thaat thoez tthre wer áulmoest kónstantle embróiyald in kwóralz aand waurz witth wun anúther. Nòtwitthstáanding thair tru ínterest witth reespékt tu tha kontinéntal náeshanz wuz réele tha saem, yet bi the orts aand pólise aand práaktisaz uv thoez náeshanz, thair myúechuewal jélaseez wer perpéchuewale kept infláemd, aand faur a laung séereez uv yeerz thae wer for maur inkanvéenyant aand trúboolsam thaan thae wer yúesfool aand asísting tu eech úther.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Should the people of America divide themselves into three or four nations, would not the same thing happen? Would not similar jealousies arise, and be in like manner cherished? Instead of their being "joined in affection" and free from all apprehension of different "interests," envy and jealousy would soon extinguish confidence and affection, and the partial interests of each confederacy, instead of the general interests of all America, would be the only objects of their policy and pursuits. Hence, like most other bordering nations, they would always be either involved in disputes and war, or live in the constant apprehension of them.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Shood tha péepool uv Amáirika divíed themsélvz íntu tthre aur faur náeshanz, wood not tha saem tthing háapan? Wood not símiler jélaseez aríez, aand be in liek máaner chérisht? Instéd uv thair béeying "joind in afékshan" aand fre frum aul àapreehénshan uv díferant "ínterests," énve aand jélase wood suen ekstínggwish kónfidans aand afékshan, aand tha pórshal ínterests uv eech kanféderase, instéd uv tha jéneral ínterests uv aul Amáirika, wood be the óenle óbjekts uv thair pólise aand persúets. Hens, liek moest úther báurdering náeshanz, thae wood áulwaez be éether invólvd in dispyúets aand waur, aur liv in tha kónstant àapreehénshan uv them.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">The most sanguine advocates for three or four confederacies cannot reasonably suppose that they would long remain exactly on an equal footing in point of strength, even if it was possible to form them so at first; but, admitting that to be practicable, yet what human contrivance can secure the continuance of such equality? Independent of those local circumstances which tend to beget and increase power in one part and to impede its progress in another, we must advert to the effects of that superior policy and good management which would probably distinguish the government of one above the rest, and by which their relative equality in strength and consideration would be destroyed. For it cannot be presumed that the same degree of sound policy, prudence, and foresight would uniformly be observed by each of these confederacies for a long succession of years.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Tha moest sáanggwin áadvakats faur tthre aur faur kanféderaseez káanot réezanable sapóez thaat thae wood laung reemáen egzáaktle on aan éekwal fóoting in point uv strengktth, éevan if it wuz pósibool tu faurm them so aat ferst; but, aadmíting thaat tu be práaktikabool, yet hwut hyúeman kantríevans kaan sikyúer tha kantínyuewans uv such eekwólite? Indeepéndant uv thoez lóekal sérkamstàansaz hwich tend tu beegét aand inkrées póuwer in wun port aand tu impéed its prógres in anúther, we must aadvért tu the ifékts uv thaat soopéereeyer pólise aand good máanajmant hwich wood próbable distínggwish tha gúvernment uv wun abúv tha rest, aand bi hwich thair rélativ eekwólite in strengktth aand kansìderáeshan wood be distróid. Faur it káanot be preezúemd thaat tha saem digré uv sound pólise, prúedans, aand fáursiet wood yùenifáurmle be abzérvd bi eech uv theez kanféderaseez faur a laung sakséshan uv yeerz.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Whenever, and from whatever causes, it might happen, and happen it would, that any one of these nations or confederacies should rise on the scale of political importance much above the degree of her neighbors, that moment would those neighbors behold her with envy and with fear. Both those passions would lead them to countenance, if not to promote, whatever might promise to diminish her importance; and would also restrain them from measures calculated to advance or even to secure her prosperity. Much time would not be necessary to enable her to discern these unfriendly dispositions. She would soon begin, not only to lose confidence in her neighbors, but also to feel a disposition equally unfavorable to them. Distrust naturally creates distrust, and by nothing is good-will and kind conduct more speedily changed than by invidious jealousies and uncandid imputations, whether expressed or implied.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Hwenéver, aand frum hwutéver káuzaz, it miet háapan, aand háapan it wood, thaat éne wun uv theez náeshanz aur kanféderaseez shood riez on tha skail uv palítikal impáurtans much abúv tha digré uv her náeberz, thaat móemant wood thoez náeberz beehóeld her witth énve aand witth feer. Boetth thoez páashanz wood leed them to kóuntanans, if not tu pramóet, hwutéver miet prómis tu dimínish her impáurtans; aand wood áulso reestráen them frum mézherz káalkyoolaetad tu aadváans aur éevan tu sikyúer her prospérite. Much tiem wood not be nésasère tu enáebool her tu disérn theez unfréndle dìspazíshanz. She wood suen beegín, not óenle tu luez kónfidans in her náeberz, but áulso tu feel a dìspazíshan éekwale unfáevarabool tu them. Distrúst náacharale kreeyáets distrúst, aand bi nútthing iz good wil aand kiend kóndukt maur spéedile chaenjd thaan bi invídeeyas jélaseez aand unkáandid ìmpyuetáeshanz, hwéther eksprést aur implíed.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">The North is generally the region of strength, and many local circumstances render it probable that the most Northern of the proposed confederacies would, at a period not very distant, be unquestionably more formidable than any of the others. No sooner would this become evident than the northern hive would excite the same ideas and sensations in the more southern parts of America which it formerly did in the southern parts of Europe. Nor does it appear to be a rash conjecture that its young swarms might often be tempted to gather honey in the more blooming fields and milder air of their luxurious and more delicate neighbors.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Tha Naurtth iz jénerale tha réejan uv strengktth, aand méne lóekal sérkamstàansaz rénder it próbabool thaat tha moest Náurthern uv the prapóezd kanféderaseez wood, aat a péereeyad not vére dístant, be unkwéschanable maur fáurmidabool thaan éne uv the útherz. No súener wood this beekúm évidant thaan tha náurthern hiev wood eksíet tha same iedéeyas aand sensáeshanz in tha maur súthern ports uv Amáirika hwich it fáurmerle did in tha súthern ports uv Yúerap. Naur duz it apéer tu be a raash kanjékcher thaat its yung swaurmz miet áufan be témptad tu gáather húne in tha maur blúeming feeldz aand míeyalder air uv thair lugzhúereeyas aand maur délikat náeberz.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">They who well consider the history of similar divisions and confederacies will find abundant reason to apprehend that those in contemplation would in no other sense be neighbors than as they would be borderers; that they would neither love nor trust one another, but on the contrary would be a prey to discord, jealousy, and mutual injuries; in short, that they would place us exactly in the situations in which some nations doubtless wish to see us, viz., formidable only to each other.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Thae hu wel kansíder tha hístare uv símiler divízhanz aand kanféderaseez wil fiend abúndant réezan tu àapreehénd thaat thoez in kòntempláeshan wood in no úther sens be náeberz thaan aaz thae wood be báurdererz; thaat thae wood néether luv naur trust wun anúther, but on tha kóntrere wood be a prae tu dískaurd, jélase, aand myúechuewal ínjareez; in shaurt, thaat thae wood plaes us egzáaktle in tha sìchuewáeshanz in hwich sum náeshanz dóutlas wish tu se us, viz., fáurmidabool óenle tu eech úther.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">From these considerations it appears that those gentlemen are greatly mistaken who suppose that alliances offensive and defensive might be formed between these confederacies, and would produce that combination and union of wills, of arms and of resources, which would be necessary to put and keep them in a formidable state of defense against foreign enemies.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Frum theez kansideráeshanz it apéerz thaat thoez jéntoolman or gráetle mistáekan hu sapóez thaat alíeyansaz ófensiv and déefensiv miet be faurmd beetwéen theez kanféderaseez, aand wood pradúes that kombináeshan aand yúenyan uv wilz, uv ormz and uv réesaursaz, hwich wood be nésasère tu poot aand keep them in a fáurmidabool staet uv deeféns agénst fóran énameez.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">When did the independent states, into which Britain and Spain were formerly divided, combine in such alliance, or unite their forces against a foreign enemy? The proposed confederacies will be distinct nations. Each of them would have its commerce with foreigners to regulate by distinct treaties; and as their productions and commodities are different and proper for different markets, so would those treaties be essentially different. Different commercial concerns must create different interests, and of course different degrees of political attachment to and connection with different foreign nations. Hence it might and probably would happen that the foreign nation with whom the southern confederacy might be at war would be the one with whom the northern confederacy would be the most desirous of preserving peace and friendship. An alliance so contrary to their immediate interest would not therefore be easy to form, nor, if formed, would it be observed and fulfilled with perfect good faith.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Hwen did the indeepéndant staets, íntu hwich Brítan aand Spaen wer fáurmerle divíedad, kambíen in such alíeyans, aur yooníet thair fáursaz agénst a fóran éname? Tha prapóezd kanféderaseez wil be distíngkt náeshanz. Eech uv them wood haav its kómers witth fóranerz tu régyoolaet bi distíngkt tréeteez; aand aaz thair pradúkshanz aand kamóditeez or díferant aand próper faur díferant mórkats, so wood thoez tréeteez be esénshale díferant. Díferant kamérshal kansérns must kreeyáet díferant ínterests, aand uv kaurs díferant digréez uv palítikal atáachmant tu aand kanékshan witth díferant fóran náeshanz. Hens it miet aand próbable wood háapan thaat tha fóran náeshan witth huem tha súthern kanféderase miet be aat waur wood be tha wun witth huem tha náurthern kanféderase wood be tha moest dizíeras uv preezérving pees aand fréndship. Aan alíeyans so kóntrere tu thair iméedeeyat ínterest wood not tháirfaur be éeze tu faurm, naur, if faurmd, wood it be abzérvd aand foolfíld witth pérfakt good faetth.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Nay, it is far more probable that in America, as in Europe, neighboring nations, acting under the impulse of opposite interests and unfriendly passions, would frequently be found taking different sides. Considering our distance from Europe, it would be more natural for these confederacies to apprehend danger from one another than from distant nations, and therefore that each of them should be more desirous to guard against the others by the aid of foreign alliances, than to guard against foreign dangers by alliances between themselves. And here let us not forget how much more easy it is to receive foreign fleets into our ports, and foreign armies into our country, than it is to persuade or compel them to depart. How many conquests did the Romans and others make in the characters of allies, and what innovations did they under the same character introduce into the governments of those whom they pretended to protect.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Nae, it iz for maur próbabool thaat in Amáirika, aaz in Yúerap, náebering náeshanz, áakting únder the ímpuls uv ópasit ínterests aand unfréndle páashanz, wood fréekwantle be found táeking díferant siedz. Kansídering óuwer dístans frum Yúerap, it wood be maur náacharal faur theez kanféderaseez tu àapreehénd dáenjer frum wun anúther thaan frum dístant náeshanz, aand tháirfaur thaat eech uv them shood be maur dizíeras tu gord agénst the útherz bi the aed uv fóran alíeyansaz, thaan tu gord agénst fóran dáenjerz bi alíeyansaz beetwéeen themsélvz. Aand heer let us not fargét hou much maur éeze it iz tu reeséev fóran fleets íntu óuwer paurts, aand fóran órmeez íntu óuwer kúntre, thaan it iz tu perswáed aur kampél them tu deepórt. Hou méne kónkwests did tha Róemanz aand útherz maek in tha káarakterz uv áaliez, aand hwut ìnoeváeshanz did thae únder the saem káarakter intradúes íntu tha gúvernments uv thoez huem thae preeténdad tu pratekt.</td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><td width="49%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Let candid men judge, then, whether the division of America into any given number of independent sovereignties would tend to secure us against the hostilities and improper interference of foreign nations.</td><td width="51%" valign="TOP" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(68, 68, 68); font: normal normal normal 15px/1.6em PMingLiU, Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif; padding-top: 4px; padding-right: 4px; padding-bottom: 4px; padding-left: 4px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-right-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-bottom-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); border-left-color: rgb(230, 231, 225); ">Let káandid men juj, then, hwéther tha divízhan uv Amáirika íntu éne gívan númber uv indeepéndant sóveranteez wood tend tu sikyúer us agénst tha hostíliteez aand impróper ìnterféerans uv fóran náeshanz.</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "> </p><p align="Right" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">[<a name="more" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Maur tu kum</a> </i>— <i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">L. Kreg Skúenmaeker, Nu Yaurk, April 23, 1998]</i></p><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><i style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">For more information about the author, see <a href="http://members.aol.com/Schoonmakr/index.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">http://members.aol.com/Schoonmakr</a>.</i></p><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">Comments? Questions? Contact <a href="mailto:Fanetiks@aol.com" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Fanetiks@aol.com</a>.</b></p><p align="Center" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><a name="end" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); "><big style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">This is the end of this section.</b></big></a></p><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; 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">Amazon Honor System</a>.)</i></big></b></font></span><hr style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><p align="Left" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-weight: normal; font-size: medium; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; ">[<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#top" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Go to the top of this page.</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#table" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Go to the start of the Fanetik table</a>.] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/#index" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Index</a>.] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/corrpron.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">"Correct Pronunciation" wordlist</a>] [<a href="http://www.fanetik.org/links.html" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">Links</a>]</b></p></b></font></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/accents_spellingreform.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/accents_spellingreform.htm</a></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><a href="http://german.about.com/library/blreform.htm" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; color: rgb(124, 110, 76); ">http://german.about.com/library/blreform.htm</a></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "></div></div> 唔通楼主你想推广粤语拼音改革？拜读过你嘅penkyamp方案。。 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform</a><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 28px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 1.6em; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German orthography reform of 1996</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 0.8em; position: relative; width: 1034px; line-height: 1.5em; "><div id="siteSub" style="display: inline; font-size: 14px; font-weight: normal; ">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "> (Redirected from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_spelling_reform&redirect=no" title="German spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German spelling reform</a>)</div><table class="metadata plainlinks ambox ambox-content" style="font-size: 15px; color: black; background-color: rgb(251, 251, 251); margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 103px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 103px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-width: 10px; border-left-style: solid; border-left-color: rgb(242, 133, 0); background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.5em; text-align: center; "><div style="width: 52px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img alt="Question book-new.svg" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" width="50" height="39" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.5em; width: 726px; ">This article <b>needs additional <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">citations</a> for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">verification</a>.</b><br><small>Please help <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 0% 0%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">improve this article</a> by adding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources" style="text-decoration: none; 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Unsourced material may be <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation_needed" title="Template:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">challenged</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">removed</a>. <i>(March 2008)</i></small></td></tr></tbody></table><table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="font-size: 14px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); clear: right; float: right; margin-top: 4px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 4px; margin-left: 1em; width: 238px; line-height: 1.25em; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); "><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 2px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 2px; padding-left: 0.9em; text-align: center; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg/37px-Wiktionary-logo-en.svg.png" width="37" height="40" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "></td><td class="mbox-text" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-top: 0.25em; padding-right: 0.9em; padding-bottom: 0.25em; padding-left: 0.9em; width: 197px; ">Look up <i><b><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:German_words_affected_by_1996_spelling_reform" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Category:German words affected by 1996 spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Category:German words affected by 1996 spelling reform</a></b></i> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; padding-top: 0px !important; padding-right: 0px !important; padding-bottom: 0px !important; padding-left: 0px !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; ">Wiktionary</a>, the free dictionary.</td></tr></tbody></table><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <b>German orthography reform of 1996</b> (<i>Rechtschreibreform</i>) is based on an international agreement signed in Vienna in July 1996 by the governments of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German</a>-speaking countries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Austria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Liechtenstein</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Switzerland</a>. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Luxembourg</a>, in which German is one of the three official languages, regarded itself "as a non-German-speaking country not to be a contributory determinant upon the German system of spelling" (statement of Othon Neuen, spokesman for the Luxembourg Ministry of Education).</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The reformed <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">orthography</a> became obligatory in schools and in public administration. However, there was a campaign against the reform and in the resulting public debate the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federal_Constitutional_Court_of_Germany" title="Federal Constitutional Court of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Federal Constitutional Court of Germany</a> was called upon to delineate the extent of reform. In its decision of July 14, 1998,<sup id="cite_ref-0" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> the court stated that because there was no law governing orthography, outside the schools people could spell as they liked, including the use of traditional spelling. In the wake of this decision there have been complaints and fear of the rise of <i>Beliebigkeitsschreibung</i> (arbitrary spelling).<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from November 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> For example, confusion caused by the use of both the traditional spelling <i>Kongreßstraße</i> and the newly correct <i>Kongressstraße</i> could lead to the completely inconsistent spelling <i>Kongreßstrasse</i>.</p><table id="toc" class="toc" style="font-size: 15px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; "><tbody><tr><td><div id="toctitle" style="text-align: center; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-style: none; width: auto; font-size: 15px; display: inline; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; padding-right: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Contents</h2> <span class="toctoggle" style="font-size: 14px; ">[<a id="togglelink" class="internal" href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">hide</a>]</span></div><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#New_rules" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">New rules</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Sounds_and_letters" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Sounds and letters</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Capitalisation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Capitalisation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Compound_words" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">1.3</span> <span class="toctext">Compound words</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#History" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">History</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Debate_over_the_need_for_reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Debate over the need for reform</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Institutionalised_reform_talks_since_1980" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Institutionalised reform talks since 1980</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Institution_of_the_reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Institution of the reform</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Transitional_period" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Transitional period</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Public_debate_after_the_signing_of_the_declaration_of_intent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Public debate after the signing of the declaration of intent</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Later_developments" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Later developments</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Legal_status" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Legal status</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#State_of_implementation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">State of implementation</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Actions_of_opponents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Actions of opponents</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Acceptance_of_the_reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Acceptance of the reform</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#In_Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9.1</span> <span class="toctext">In Germany</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#In_Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9.2</span> <span class="toctext">In Switzerland</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#In_Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">9.3</span> <span class="toctext">In Austria</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#See_also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#German_titles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">11.1</span> <span class="toctext">German titles</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#External_links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; text-align: left; "><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Related_articles_in_the_German_Wikipedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12.1</span> <span class="toctext">Related articles in the German Wikipedia</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Societies_for_the_German_language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12.2</span> <span class="toctext">Societies for the German language</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Language_journals" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12.3</span> <span class="toctext">Language journals</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Activities_concerning_the_spelling_reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12.4</span> <span class="toctext">Activities concerning the spelling reform</span></a></li><li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#Web_pages_concerning_the_spelling_reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">12.5</span> <span class="toctext">Web pages concerning the spelling reform</span></a></li></ul></li><li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#References_and_notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">References and notes</span></a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: New rules" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="New_rules">New rules</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The reform was an attempt to simplify German spelling and thus make it easier to learn, without substantially changing the familiar rules of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German language</a>. The new rules concern the following areas:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">correspondence between sounds and written letters (this includes rules for spelling <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loan_word" title="Loan word" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">loan words</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">capitalisation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">joined and separate words</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">hyphenated spellings</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">punctuation</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">hyphenation at the end of a line</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Place names and family names were excluded from the reform.</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Sounds and letters" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Sounds_and_letters">Sounds and letters</span></h3><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; background-color: transparent; clear: right; float: right; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-left: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 222px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg/220px-RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg" width="220" height="331" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RechtschreibreformBeiStrassennamen.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>This street sign in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Aachen</a> shows a very rare example of a name being changed after the orthography reform of 1996. Spellings in names were, in almost all cases, not changed. Note the old version on the wall.</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The reform aimed to systematise the correspondence between sounds (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">phonemes</a>) and letters (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">graphemes</a>), and to strengthen the principle that derived forms should follow the spelling of the root form.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>ß and ss:</b> In reformed orthography the grapheme <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ß</a> (which is a modernised typographical rendering of how a double s appeared in traditional Gothic script, seldom used in Switzerland) is considered a separate letter that is to appear only after long vowels and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diphthongs" title="Diphthongs" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">diphthongs</a>. In general in German, long stressed vowels are followed by single consonants, and short stressed vowels by double consonants. In the traditional orthography, "ß" is written instead of "ss" if the s phoneme belongs to only one <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">syllable</a>, thus in terminal position and before consonants "ss" is always written as "ß", without regard to the length of the preceding vowel. In the reformed orthography, a short stressed vowel is never followed by "ß". This brings it into line with the two-letter spelling of other final consonants (<i>-ch, -ck, -dt, -ff, -ll, -mm, -nn, -rr, -tt, -tz</i>). Thus <i>Fass</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Fässer</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈfɛsɐ]</span>, by analogy to <i>Ball</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Bälle</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈbɛlǝ]</span>; cf the old spelling: <i>Faß</i> – <i>Fässer</i>, in contrast to <i>Maß</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Maße</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈmaːsə]</span> like <i>Tal</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Täler</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈtɛlɐ]</span>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nevertheless, the new German spelling is not fully phonetic, and it is still necessary to know the plural of a noun in order to spell its singular correctly: <i>Los</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Lose</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈloːzǝ]</span>, <i>Floß</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; "></span> – <i>Flöße</i> <span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Charis SIL', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, 'DejaVu Sans', Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Chrysanthi Unicode'; ">[ˈfløːsə]</span>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Exempted from change are certain very common short-vowelled words which end in a single 's' (such as <i>das, es</i>), echoing other undoubled final consonants in German (e.g. <i>ab, im, an, hat, -ig</i>). So the frequent error of confusing the conjunction <i>dass</i> (previously "daß") and the relative pronoun <i>das</i> has remained a trap: <i>Ich hoffe, dass du kommst.</i> / <i>Das Haus, das dort steht.</i> (I hope that you will come. / The house that stands there.)</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The so-called <i>s rule</i> makes up over 90% of the words changed by the reform. Since a trailing -ss does not occur in the traditional orthography (being replaced by "ß") the <i>-ss</i> at the end of words like <i>dass</i> and <i>muss</i> is now the only quick and sure sign (unless the text is of Swiss origin) to indicate that the reformed spelling has been used (at least partly). All other changes are encountered less frequently and not in every text.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Triple consonants</b> preceding a vowel are no longer reduced (but hyphenation is often used in these instances anyway):</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Schiffahrt</i> became <i>Schifffahrt</i> from <i>Schiff</i> (ship) + <i>Fahrt</i> (journey)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In particular, triple "s" now appears more often than all the other triple consonants together, while in the traditional orthography they never appear:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Flußschiffahrt</i> → <i>Flussschifffahrt</i>, <i>Mißstand</i> → <i>Missstand</i></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Doubled consonants</b> appear after short vowels at the end of certain words, to conform with derived forms</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>As</i> → <i>Ass</i> because of plural <i>Asse</i> (ace, aces)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Vowel changes</b>, especially ä for e, are made to conform with derived or otherwise close forms</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>Stengel</i> → <i>Stängel</i> (stalk) because of Stange (bar)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Additional minor changes aim to remove a number of <i>special cases</i> or to allow alternative spellings</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>rauh</i> → <i>rau</i> (rough) for consistency with <i>blau</i>, <i>grau</i>, <i>genau</i></li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Several <b>loan words</b> now allow spellings that are closer to the German norm. In particular, the affixes <i>-phon</i>, <i>-phot</i>, and <i>-graph</i> can be spelled with <i>f</i> for <i>ph</i>.</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Capitalisation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Capitalisation">Capitalisation</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The reform aims to make the capitalisation of nouns uniform, and clarifies the criteria for this.</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>infrage stellen</i> → <i>in Frage stellen</i> (to call into question)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>eislaufen</i> → <i>Eis laufen</i> (to ice-skate)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Examples such as <i>Eis laufen</i> are thought by some to be grammatically incorrect, the reason being <i>laufen</i> (literally <i>to go</i>, <i>to walk</i>, <i>to run</i>) is an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intransitive_verb" title="Intransitive verb" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">intransitive verb</a>and cannot take a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_object" title="Direct object" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">direct object</a>, thus engendering some harsh criticism of the spelling reform.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from July 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">who?</a></i>]</sup> However, this is not true: in this word, <i>Eis</i> is a verb modifier, not a <i>direct object</i> in any way; that is, it is an attachment to the verb stem which changes or specifies the meaning of the verb.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Capitalisation after a colon is now always allowed.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The polite capitalisation of <i>du</i>, <i>dich</i>, <i>dein</i>, <i>ihr</i>, <i>euch</i>, and <i>euer</i> (the cases of the familiar second person pronouns) in letters is discouraged, but it is retained for<i>Sie</i>, <i>Ihnen</i>, and <i>Ihr</i> (the formal second person pronouns).</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Compound words" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Compound_words">Compound words</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">As before, compound nouns are generally joined into one word, but several other compounds are now separated.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Nouns and verbs are generally separated:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>radfahren</i> → <i>Rad fahren</i> (to ride a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicycle" title="Bicycle" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">bicycle</a>)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Multiple infinitive verbs used with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">finite verbs</a> are separated:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>kennenlernen</i> → <i>kennen lernen</i> (to get to know)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>spazierengehen</i> → <i>spazieren gehen</i> (to go for a walk)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Other constructions now admit alternative forms:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>an Stelle von</i> or <i>anstelle von</i> (instead of)</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">There are some subtle changes in the meaning when the new forms collide with some pre-existing forms:</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>vielversprechend</i> → <i>viel versprechend</i> (literally "much promising," but the meaning of the long compound adjective is "promising" in the sense of "up-and-coming"; whereas the second phrase with two words means "promising many things")</li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="History">History</span></h2><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Debate over the need for reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Debate_over_the_need_for_reform">Debate over the need for reform</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The scholarly debate over spelling was polarised in the late 1960s, because some of the young men and women of that generation rejected spelling regulation as "repressive" and a means of social oppression. Suggestions for reform were no longer limited to doubtful cases, but rather proposals were made to simplify German spelling and writing fundamentally, and thus to simplify the task of learning to write.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Many of the suggested reforms called for the elimination of the capitalisation of all common nouns. A similar reform had previously been carried out in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nordic countries</a>.</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Institutionalised reform talks since 1980" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Institutionalised_reform_talks_since_1980">Institutionalised reform talks since 1980</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1980, the <i>Internationaler Arbeitskreis für Orthographie</i> (International Working Group for Spelling) was formed, with linguists from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">East Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">West Germany</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Austria</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Switzerland</a> taking part.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The initial proposals of this working group were further discussed at two <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academic_conference" title="Academic conference" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">conferences</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna,_Austria" title="Vienna, Austria" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vienna, Austria</a>, in 1986 and 1990, to which the Austrian government had invited representatives from every region where German is spoken. In the closing remarks from the first of these meetings, capitalisation reform was put off to a future "second phase" of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German language</a> reform attempts, since no consensus had been reached.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1987, the Ministers of Culture of the Federal states (<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundesländer</a> in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">West Germany</a>) assigned the "Institute for the German Language" in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim,_Germany" title="Mannheim, Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Mannheim, Germany</a> and the "Society for the German Language" in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiesbaden,_Germany" title="Wiesbaden, Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wiesbaden, Germany</a> with the task of coming up with a new system of rules. In 1988, these two organisations presented an incomplete but very wide-ranging set of proposed new rules (for example, the traditionally-phrased <i>Der Kaiser ißt den Aal im Boot</i>would be changed to the <i>Der keiser isst den al im bot</i>) ("The Emperor eats the eel in the boat"), but these proposals were quickly rejected by the general public, and then they were withdrawn by the Ministers of Culture as unacceptable. At the same time, similar groups were formed in Switzerland, Austria, and East Germany.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1992, the International Working Group published a proposed global reform to German spelling entitled <i>Deutsche Rechtschreibung — Vorschläge zu ihrer Neuregelung</i> (German Spelling — Proposals for its New Regulation). In 1993, the German Ministers of Culture invited 43 groups to present their opinions on the document, with hearings held in the unified <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Germany</a>, Austria, and Switzerland. On the basis of these hearings, the Working Group backed off from the notion of eliminating the capitalisation of all nouns. It also preserved the orthographical distinction between the inconvenient homophones <i>das</i> ("the", or "that", relative pronoun) and <i>daß</i> ("that", the conjunction, as in "She said that you came"), which introduce different types of subordinate clause.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">At a third conference in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Vienna</a> in 1994, the results were recommended to the respective governments for acceptance. The German Ministers of Culture decided to implement the new rules on August 1, 1998, with a transitional period lasting until the 2004–2005 school year.</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Institution of the reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Institution_of_the_reform">Institution of the reform</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On July 1, 1996, all of the German states (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundesländer</a></i>), and the countries of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Austria</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Switzerland</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Liechtenstein</a>, as well as some other countries with German-speaking minorities (but notably not <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Luxembourg</a>) agreed to introduce the new spelling by August 1, 1998. A few German Bundesländer introduced the new rules starting with the 1996–1997 school year.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The various <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">dictionary</a> companies raced to be the first with the new spellings, and that idea turned out to be quite profitable. For a time, German dictionaries were showing up on the best-seller lists for German books. The market for school textbooks was also given a new life.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transitional period" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Transitional_period">Transitional period</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Some have suggested that the main cause of the current controversy over the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">spelling reform</a> was the eight-year transitional period. Experience from other reforms that affected the behaviour of large groups of people (introduction of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SI" title="SI" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">metric system</a>, switching to the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euro" title="Euro" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">euro</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sweden</a>'s change from driving on the left to driving on the right on <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagen_H" title="Dagen H" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dagen H</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Britain</a>'s <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decimal_Day" title="Decimal Day" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">introduction of decimal currency</a>) suggested that such reforms might very well be more effective with a shorter transitional period. When there is a longer transition period, it has been argued, many do not bother to familiarise themselves with the reforms, in the questionable hope that they might later be repealed. This tends to divide people into groups of early adopters and persistent resisters. Some experts suggest that the better course is to prepare well in advance and then make the change from one day to the next.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The above analysis, however, ignores the fact that the decision of the Ministers of Culture can ultimately affect only schools and public documents, since everyone else can simply write the way that they prefer. Thus, it is impossible to introduce a spelling reform "overnight". Even if the spelling of private individuals could be legislated, there are still billions of books and archived <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">magazines</a> in libraries using the older spellings. Comparison with currency change or driving on one side of the road or the other is invalid anyway: in those cases the old behavior completely disappears after the change (the old money is either valueless or must be traded in soon, and it would be highly dangerous to continue driving on the "wrong" side of the road).</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Public debate after the signing of the declaration of intent" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Public_debate_after_the_signing_of_the_declaration_of_intent">Public debate after the signing of the declaration of intent</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The reforms did not attract much attention from the general public until after the international declaration of intent was signed. Animated arguments arose about the correctness of the decision, with schoolteachers being the first to be confronted with the implementation of the new rules. At the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Book_Fair" title="Frankfurt Book Fair" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frankfurt Book Fair</a> (the largest in Germany) of 1996, Friedrich Denk,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup> a teacher from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bavaria</a>, obtained signatures from hundreds of authors and scientists demanding the cancellation of the reform. Among the leading supporters were <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Günter Grass</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Lenz" title="Siegfried Lenz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Siegfried Lenz</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin_Walser" title="Martin Walser" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Martin Walser</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Magnus_Enzensberger" title="Hans Magnus Enzensberger" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hans Magnus Enzensberger</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Kempowski" title="Walter Kempowski" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Walter Kempowski</a>. The protest gained further nationwide significance through initiatives such as <i>Wir Lehrer gegen die Rechtschreibreform</i> (Teachers Against the Spelling Reform),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup>which was headed by the teacher and activist <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Manfred_Riebe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manfred Riebe (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Manfred Riebe</a>.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In May 1997, the "Society for German Spelling and Language Cultivation – initiative against the spelling reform"<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> (Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege e. V. (VRS) – Initiative gegen die Rechtschreibreform) was founded in opposition to the German spelling reform.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The issue was taken up in the courts, with different decisions in different states, so that the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundesverfassungsgericht" title="Bundesverfassungsgericht" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundesverfassungsgericht</a></i> (German Supreme Court) was called upon to make a ruling. In May 1998 a group of 550 language and literature professors, led by Theodor Ickler,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup> Helmut Jochems, Horst Haider Munske<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup> and Peter Eisenberg, two of the Reformers, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harald_Weinrich" title="Harald Weinrich" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Harald Weinrich</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Collège de France</a>, Jean-Marie Zemb of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_des_Sciences_Morales_et_Politiques" title="Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Académie des Sciences Morales et Politiques</a>, and others, with a resolution requested the reversal of the reform by the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">On July 14, 1998, after one hearing on May 12, 1998, and involving only one teachers' organisation, the High Court declared that the introduction of the spelling reform by the Ministers of Culture was legal.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In the German state of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, a majority of people who voted in a referendum on September 27, 1998, called for a return to traditional spellings. However, the prime minister of that state, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heide_Simonis" title="Heide Simonis" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Heide Simonis</a>, found a way to reverse the results of that referendum via a parliamentary vote in 1999.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">While the new German dictionaries were published in July and August 1996, the critics of the language reform perceived themselves to be justified. They began to demand the reversal of the change at the Federal level. However, the Ministers of Culture continued to refuse to accede to their demands. The editors of the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duden" title="Duden" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Duden</a> dictionaries also agreed that many of the problems in the traditional spelling system were due to the <i>arcane rules</i> that had been fabricated to explain it, thus lending their support to the new spelling system, which they said was and is more logical.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">One of the public critics of the spelling reform was Josef Kraus,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> the president of the <i>Deutscher Lehrerverband</i>.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Later developments" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Later_developments">Later developments</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In 1997, an international committee was formed to handle any cases of doubt that might arise under the new rules. In 2004, the German Federal Education Minister, Edelgard Bulmahn, announced that this committee was to be given wide-ranging powers to make decisions about German spelling. Only in cases of extreme changes, such as the proposed capitalisation change, would the committee require the consent of the Ministers of Culture. This move was strongly criticised.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Simultaneously, the committee released its fourth report on spelling reforms, reviewing the points of the reform in detail. However, this report was rejected by the Conference of Ministers of Culture in March 2004. The Ministers also demanded that the committee work together with the "German Academy for Language and Poetry" in its future deliberations. The Academy had been strongly critical of the reform from the beginning. The Ministers also made changes to the composition of the international committee.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In July 2004, the Ministers decided to introduce some changes to the reform, making the traditional spellings of certain words and phrases the preferred spelling, with the new spellings still being acceptable. The Ministers also confirmed that the transitional phase would end on August 1, 2005. A "Council for German Spelling" was instituted on this date, taking the place of the existing international committee. This decision was unanimous, and it would require a unanimous vote to be changed - an event that seems to be highly unlikely at this time.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from March 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Legal status" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Legal_status">Legal status</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The spelling change is based on the international agreement of July 1, 1996, signed on behalf of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Strictly speaking, it is not a treaty<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon from December 2009" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">clarification needed</a></i>]</sup>. The signatories for Germany were the president of the "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kultusministerkonferenz" title="Kultusministerkonferenz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Conference of Ministers of Culture</a>", <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karl-Heinz_Reck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl-Heinz Reck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Karl-Heinz Reck</a>, and the parliamentary secretary of the Federal Ministry of the Interior, Eduard Lintner. There have been no <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundestag</a> (parliamentary) decisions on the reforms. Instead, as mentioned above, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Supreme_Court" title="German Supreme Court" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German Supreme Court</a> ruled that the reform in the public schools could be decided by the Ministers of Culture. Thus, as of August 1, 2005, the traditional spelling system is to be considered incorrect in the schools, except that two of the German states, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bavaria</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, had both officially rejected the reform. Since 2006, the new rules have become compulsory at the Bavarian and North Rhine-Westphalian public schools as well. It is presumed that from the schools the writing reforms will spread to the German-speaking public.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: State of implementation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="State_of_implementation">State of implementation</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">As of 2004, most German printed media use spelling rules that to a large extent comply with the reforms. These includes most newspapers and periodicals, and the German press agencies <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Presse_Agentur" title="Deutsche Presse Agentur" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Deutsche Presse Agentur</a> (DPA) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reuters</a>. Still, some newspapers, including <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zeit" title="Die Zeit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Die Zeit</a></i>, the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i>, the<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a></i>, and the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a></i>, created their own in-house orthography rules, while most other newspapers use approximately the rules set forth by the DPA. These in-house orthographies thus occupy a continuum between "old spelling with new rules for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ß</a>" and an (almost) full acceptance of the new rules.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">In books, the implementation's success depends on the book's subject, and it often varies within a publishing house. Approximately 80% of newly-published books use the new system. Schoolbooks and children's books generally follow the new spellings, while the text of novels is presented as the authors prefer. Classic works of literature are typically printed without any changes, unless they are specifically editions intended for use in the schools.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Since dictionaries adopted the new spellings early on, there is no currently in-print, standard reference work available for traditional spellings. However, Theodor Ickler, a Professor of German at the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Erlangen" title="University of Erlangen" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">University of Erlangen</a>, has produced a new dictionary that aims to meet the demands of simplification without the need to impose any new spellings.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The text in the vicinity of this tag needs clarification or removal of jargon from September 2008" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">clarification needed</a></i>]</sup> There is also a lively commerce in used copies of the older Duden dictionaries. As of the 2004 edition, the Duden dictionary includes the most recent changes proposed by the Ministers of Culture.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Actions of opponents" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Actions_of_opponents">Actions of opponents</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">There are still active groups working to repeal the reform, despite the transitional period having ended. The year 2002 saw the foundation of the<i>Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache</i> (FDS) (German Language Research Group)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> by the historian and author Reinhard Markner, with the support of some leading writers and intellectuals. In 2003, the Bavarian Minister of Culture, Hans Zehetmair, declared that the reform was a mistake, in his opinion. "Language is a dynamic process. It must grow and develop." Friedrich Denk, together with the journalist and author Hans Krieger,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup> as well as several other reform critics, founded the "Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung" (Council for German Spelling)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup> on August 22, 2004.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Among politicians, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wulff" title="Christian Wulff" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Christian Wulff</a>, then Minister-President of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lower Saxony</a>, has also stated that Germany should go back to the traditional spelling. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_M%C3%BCller_(politician)" title="Peter Müller (politician)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Peter Müller</a>, the Minister-President of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Saarland</a> said, "This spelling reform is a miscarriage, and it is not accepted by most people. Politicians have to accept this and have the power to remove this reform again completely."<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup> The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_(Germany)" title="Christian Democratic Union (Germany)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Christian Democratic Union</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Social_Union_of_Bavaria" title="Christian Social Union of Bavaria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Christian Social Union of Bavaria</a> leaders<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Angela Merkel</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Stoiber" title="Edmund Stoiber" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Edmund Stoiber</a> have also proposed repealing the reform.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The "German Academy for Language and Poetry" suggested a compromise proposal in 2003. Many critics<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">who?</a></i>]</sup> consider this reform of the reform to be a second-best choice.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Several ministers-president<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">who?</a></i>]</sup> have threatened to remove language reform from the realm (range of duties) of the Ministers of Culture, seeking in that way to capsize the reform plans. This has been followed by some publishing companies<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" title="The material in the vicinity of this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">who?</a></i>]</sup> announcing plans to return to traditional spellings.<sup class="Template-Fact" title="This claim needs references to reliable sources from May 2010" style="line-height: 1em; white-space: nowrap; ">[<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">citation needed</a></i>]</sup></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Acceptance of the reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Acceptance_of_the_reform">Acceptance of the reform</span></h2><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: In Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Germany">In Germany</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">According to a report on the television magazine "Panorama" on July 21, 2004, "Even six years after its introduction, 77% of Germans consider the spelling reform not to be sensible. This came out of a representative poll. A majority of adults reject the new rules (for example 81% of those between 30 and 40 years old). In the meantime, only one out of every five German citizens (21%) feels that the spelling reform is acceptable."</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Switzerland">In Switzerland</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The German debate about the spelling reform produced much surprise among Swiss media companies, rather than agreement. In <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Switzerland</a>, the reform has had a less noticeable impact since the letter "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9F" title="ß" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ß</a>", which was the most prominent part of the reform, had not been in much use anyway. Most Swiss <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">newspapers</a>and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magazine" title="Magazine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">magazines</a> follow <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_style" title="House style" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">house style</a> that, in the case of the <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_Z%C3%BCrcher_Zeitung" title="Neue Zürcher Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Neue Zürcher Zeitung</a></i>, Switzerland's leading daily paper, diverges substantially from the official rules. The <i>Schweizer Monatshefte</i> company returned to the traditional Swiss spelling in 2004.</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liechtenstein" title="Liechtenstein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Liechtenstein</a> follows the same spelling system as Switzerland.</p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="In_Austria">In Austria</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Austrian media companies consider the orthography reform subject to be open to discussion, with no final decision having been made. A return to the traditional spelling would still be possible. Many media outlets in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria" title="Austria" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Austria</a> use house style rather than the official spelling rules. A <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallup_poll" title="Gallup poll" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gallup poll</a> conducted in August 2004 indicated that 62% of Austrians would favour a return to the traditional spelling. The <i>Kronen-Zeitung</i> company (the most widely read newspaper in Austria) announced on August 16, 2004, that it would return to the classical spelling rules — but in the end, it did not.</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography" title="German orthography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German orthography</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language" title="German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German language</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibung" title="Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung</a> (RdR; German for "Council for German Orthography")</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling" title="Spelling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Spelling</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spelling_reform" title="Spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Spelling reform</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Language_planning" title="Language planning" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Language planning</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_orthography_reform_of_1944" title="German orthography reform of 1944" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German orthography reform of 1944</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_Language_Orthographic_Agreement_of_1990" title="Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990</a></li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Bibliography">Bibliography</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><i>German dictionary plus grammar</i>. . 2nd edition. Glasgow: Harper Collins, 1999, 1151 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0004723589" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 0-00-472358-9</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Jan Henrik Holst: <i>German politicians' decision on March 30, 2006: Nazi orthography becomes obligatory in German schools! If children spell German the usual way, they will get "mistakes". Strong protest necessary!</i> Hamburg, 6. October 2006. <a href="http://www.janhenrikholst.de/indey31.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Sally A. Johnson:<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Spelling trouble? Language, ideology and the reform of German orthography</i>. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, LTD, 2005, 208 p.,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1853597856" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 1-85359-785-6</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Diethelm Prowe: <i>Review of Sally Johnson, Spelling Trouble? Language, Ideology and the Reform of German Orthography</i>. In: H-German, H-Net Reviews, November, 2005. <a href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=267951146246608" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Elke Philburn: <i>Rechtschreibreform still spells controversy</i>. In: Debatte. Review of Contemporary German Affairs, Bd. 11. No. 1, 2003, S. 60 – 69.</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: German titles" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="German_titles">German titles</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Due to the nature of the topic, most books and papers regarding the German spelling reform appeared in the German language. The following list includes authors who are responsible for the definition of the imposed changes.</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Gerhard Augst; Karl Blüml; Dieter Nerius; Horst Sitta (Hrsg.): <i>Zur Neuregelung der deutschen Orthographie. Begründung und Kritik</i>. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 1997, VI, 495 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484311797" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-484-31179-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hanno Birken-Bertsch; Reinhard Markner: <i>Rechtschreibreform und Nationalsozialismus. (= Reform of German orthography and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Socialism" title="National Socialism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">National Socialism</a>). Ein Kapitel aus der politischen Geschichte der deutschen Sprache</i>. . Göttingen: Wallstein-Verlag, 2000, 134 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3892444501" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-89244-450-1</a> – Note: This book includes a comparison with the German spelling reform of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Nazi Germany</a> or Drittes Reich ("Third Reich") of 1944. Anmerkung: Dies Buch enthält einen Vergleich mit der <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reform_der_deutschen_Rechtschreibung_von_1944" class="extiw" title="de:Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung von 1944" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reform der deutschen Rechtschreibung von 1944</a> – <a href="http://markner.free.fr/rrns.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hanno Birken-Bertsch und Reinhard Markner: <i>Sprachführer. Über den Sonderweg der deutschen Rechtschreibreformer</i>. In: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Welt" title="Junge Welt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Junge Welt</a> vom 3. April 2001 –<a href="http://markner.free.fr/sonderweg.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Friedrich Denk: <i>Frankfurter Erklärung zur Rechtschreibreform</i>. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung vom 19. Oktober 1996 – <a href="http://www.vrs-ev.de/resolutionen.php#denk" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Friedrich Denk: <i>Kein Schlußstrich</i>. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung Nr. 293 vom 16. Dezember 2006, S. 18 – <a href="http://www.deutsche-sprachwelt.de/nachrichten/neues_detail.php?id=414" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Wolfgang Denk: <i>10 Jahre Rechtschreibreform. Überlegungen zu einer Kosten-Nutzen-Analyse</i>. Masterarbeit im Fachbereich 09 Wirtschaftsingenieurwesen der Fachhochschule München. München, 5. September 2006, 172 Seiten – <a href="http://www.reformkosten.de/Denk%20Masterarbeit%20151106.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">PDF Download</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Matthias Dräger: <i>Rechtschreibreform: Matthias Dräger über den Volksentscheid in Schleswig-Holstein. „Ein Sprung in die Jauchegrube「</i>. Interview von Thorsten Thaler. In: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junge_Freiheit" title="Junge Freiheit" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Junge Freiheit</a>, Nr. 40 vom 25. September 1998, S. 3 – <a href="http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv98/408aa03.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Peter Eisenberg: <i>Das Versagen orthographischer Regeln. Über den Umgang mit dem Kuckucksei</i>. In: Hans-Werner Eroms; Horst Haider Munske (Hrsg): Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3503037861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-503-03786-1</a>, S. 47–50</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Peter Eisenberg (Hrsg.): <i>Niemand hat das letzte Wort. Sprache, Schrift, Orthographie</i>. Göttingen: Wallstein, 2006, 121 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783835300590" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 978-3-8353-0059-0</a> (Valerio 3/2006, Publikation der Deutschen Akademie für Sprache und Dichtung) – <a href="http://www.wallstein-verlag.de/9783835300590.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hans-Werner Eroms; Horst Haider Munske (Hrsg): <i>Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra</i>. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3503037861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-503-03786-1</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> für Deutschland (Hrsg.): <i>Die Reform als Diktat. Zur Auseinandersetzung über die deutsche Rechtschreibung</i>. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Frankfurt am Main, Oktober 2000, 119 S.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Peter Gallmann, Horst Sitta: <i>Die Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung. Regeln, Kommentar und Verzeichnis wichtiger Neuschreibungen</i>. Mannheim / Leipzig / Wien / Zürich: Dudenverlag, 1996, 316 S. (= Dudentaschenbuch, Band 26)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Peter Gallmann, Horst Sitta: <i>Handbuch Rechtschreiben</i>. 4. Auflage. Zürich: Lehrmittelverlag des Kantons Zürich, 1998, 216 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3906718506" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-906718-50-6</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Rolf Gröschner: <i>Zur Verfassungswidrigkeit der Rechtschreibreform</i>. In: Eroms, Hans Werner / Munske, Horst Haider (Hrsg.): Die Rechtschreibreform. Pro und Kontra. Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag, 1997, 264 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3503037861" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-503-03786-1</a>, S. 69–79</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Jan Henrik Holst: <i>Abschaffung der Rechtschreibreform – eine Chance für die deutsche Sprachgemeinschaft</i>. Hamburg, 6. Oktober 2006 <a href="http://www.janhenrikholst.de/indey3.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Die sogenannte Rechtschreibreform. Ein Schildbürgerstreich</i>. 2. Auflage, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 206 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155099" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-09-9</a>(<a href="http://www.deutschland-kehrt-zurueck.de/dokumente/ickler_die_sogenannte_rechtschreibreform.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download</a> PDF, 750 <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byte" title="Byte" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">kB</a>)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Kritischer Kommentar zur „Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung「. Mit einem Anhang zur „Mannheimer Anhörung「</i>, 2. durchgesehene und erweiterte Auflage, Erlangen und Jena: Verlag Palm & Enke, 1999 (Erlanger Studien, Band 116), 289 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3789609927" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-7896-0992-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Regelungsgewalt. Hintergründe der Rechtschreibreform</i>, St. Goar: Leibniz, 2001, 312 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155188" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-18-8</a> (<a href="http://www.deutschland-kehrt-zurueck.de/dokumente/ickler_regelungsgewalt.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download</a> PDF, 1,9 MB)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Normale deutsche Rechtschreibung. Sinnvoll schreiben, trennen, Zeichen setzen,</i> 4. erweiterte Auflage, St. Goar: Leibniz Verlag, 2004, 579 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155145" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-14-5</a> (Früher u.d.T.: Ickler, Theodor: Deutsche Einheitsorthographie 1999 und: <i>Das Rechtschreibwörterbuch</i>, 2000)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Rechtschreibreform in der Sackgasse: Neue Dokumente und Kommentare</i>, St. Goar: Leibniz, 2004, 276 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155226" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-22-6</a>(<a href="http://www.deutschland-kehrt-zurueck.de/dokumente/ickler_sackgasse.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download</a> PDF, 1,7 MB)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Theodor Ickler: <i>Falsch ist richtig. Ein Leitfaden durch die Abgründe der Schlechtschreibreform,</i> München: Droemer, 2006, 271 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783426273913" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 978-3-426-27391-3</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Helmut Jochems; Theodor Ickler: <i>Die Rechtschreibreform. Ein Schildbürgerstreich</i>. In: Pädagogische Rundschau, Jg. 51 (1997), Heft 6, S. 764–766</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Helmut Jochems: <i>Die Rechtschreibreform ist seit dem 1.8.1998 amtlich. Was heißt das? Was ist jetzt zu tun?</i> In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 40, November 1998, S. 6–10 – <a href="http://www.schule-in-frankfurt.de/40/40-06.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Helmut Jochems: <i>Schlußstrich oder Schlussstrich? Die neue deutsche Rechtschreibung im zweiten Jahr ihrer Erprobungsphase</i>. In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 42, Dezember 1999, S. 9–11 – <a href="http://www.schule-in-frankfurt.de/42/42-09.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Wolfgang Kopke: <i>Rechtschreibreform und Verfassungsrecht. Schulrechtliche, persönlichkeitsrechtliche und kulturverfassungsrechtliche Aspekte einer Reform der deutschen Orthographie</i>. Zugleich: Dissertation, Universität Jena, 1995. Tübingen: Mohr, 1995, XII, 452 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3161465245" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-16-146524-5</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hans Krieger: <i>Der Rechtschreib-Schwindel. Zwischenrufe zu einem absurden Reformtheater</i>, 1. Auflage, 1998, 152 S., 2. erweiterte Auflage, mit neuen Texten zur aktuellen Entwicklung. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 2000, 207 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155110" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-11-0</a> Aufsatzsammlung des Feuilletonchefs der Bayerischen Staatszeitung</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hans Krieger: <i>„Klar, schlicht und stark「 – Sollen wir schreiben wie die Nationalsozialisten? Das verdrängte Vorbild der Rechtschreibreform</i>. In: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCddeutsche_Zeitung" title="Süddeutsche Zeitung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Süddeutsche Zeitung</a> vom 2. Oktober 2000 [<i>「Clear, simple and powerful」 – Shall we write like the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">National Socialists</a>? The suppressed model of the Reform of German orthography</i>] – <a href="http://markner.free.fr/rrrez.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Heide Kuhlmann: <i>Orthographie und Politik. Zur Genese eines irrationalen Diskurses</i>. Magisterarbeit. Hannover, 1999 – <a href="http://www.heide-kuhlmann.de/ma_frame.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Christian Meier: <i>„Opfer der Spaßgesellschaft「. Christian Meier über die aktuelle Lage im Rechtschreibkampf, den Reform-Widerstand der Deutschen Akademie und die hiesige Lesekultur</i>. Interview von Moritz Schwarz. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 34, 18. August 2000. S. 3 – <a href="http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv00/340yy09.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Horst Haider Munske: <i>Orthographie als Sprachkultur</i>. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; New York; Paris; Wien: Peter-Lang-Verlag, Europäischer Verlag der Wissenschaften, 1997, 336 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3631311427" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-631-31142-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Horst Haider Munske: <i>Neue Rechtschreibwörterbücher im Irrgarten der Rechtschreibreform. Wie soll man selber schreiben und publizieren in diesem Rechtschreibchaos?</i> In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 44, Juni 2001 –<a href="http://www.schule-in-frankfurt.de/44/44-04.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Horst Haider Munske: <i>Die angebliche Rechtschreibreform</i>, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 2005, 163 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155137" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-13-7</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Horst Haider Munske: <i>Lob der Rechtschreibung. Warum wir schreiben, wie wir schreiben</i>. München: Beck, 2005, 141 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3406528619" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-406-52861-9</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Thomas Paulwitz:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference" style="line-height: 1em; font-weight: normal; font-style: normal; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_note-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; white-space: nowrap; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup> <i>Chaos-Regeln. Die Rechtschreibreform ist gescheitert. Gibt es jetzt eine Reform der Reform?</i> In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 11 vom 8. März 2002, S. 2 – <a href="http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv02/112yy06.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Thomas Paulwitz: <i>Der Rechtschreibrat ist gescheitert. Eine Bewertung der neuesten Reform der Rechtschreibreform</i>. In: Deutsche Sprachwelt – Ausgabe 23 vom 20. März 2006, S. 4 – <a href="http://www.deutsche-sprachwelt.de/archiv/Rechtschreibrat.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Download PDF</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Stephanus Peil: <i>Die Wörterliste</i>. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 28 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155072" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-07-2</a>; 10., überarb. Auflage: <i>Die Wörterliste. Ein Vergleich bisheriger und geplanter Schreibweisen</i>. Westerburg, In den Gärten 5: S. Peil, 1998, 42 S. – <a href="http://rechtschreibung.com/Woerterliste/peiliste.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Elke Philburn: <i>»New rules chaos« – Die deutsche Rechtschreibreform in Großbritannien</i>. In: Schule in Frankfurt (SchiFF), Nr. 47, November 2003 – <a href="http://www.schule-in-frankfurt.de/47/47-10.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Reichs- und Preußisches Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung : <i>Regeln für die deutsche Rechtschreibung nebst Wörterverzeichnis</i>. Unveränderte Neuauflage von 1940, Berlin: Weidmann, 1941</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Reichsministerium für Wissenschaft, Erziehung und Volksbildung : <i>Regeln für die deutsche Rechtschreibung und Wörterverzeichnis</i>. Berlin: Deutscher Schulverlag, 1944</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Manfred Riebe: <i>Die sogenannte deutsche Rechtschreibreform und die Reform der Reform</i>. In: europa dokumentaro Nr. 13. März 2000, S. 10–13 – <a href="http://www.europa-dokumentaro.de/ed13.html#reform" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Manfred Riebe: <i>Unlogisch und verwirrend. Vor einem Jahr wurde in den meisten Medien die neue Rechtschreibung eingeführt</i>. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 31/32 vom 28. Juli / 4. August 2000; S. 11 – <a href="http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv00/310yy41.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Manfred Riebe: <i>Es ist nie zu spät. Die Front gegen die Rechtschreibreform wird breiter</i>. In: Junge Freiheit Nr. 30 vom 16. Juli 2004, S. 2 – <a href="http://www.jf-archiv.de/archiv04/304yy05.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">online</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Manfred Riebe; Norbert Schäbler; Tobias Loew (Hrsg.): <i>Der „stille「 Protest. Widerstand gegen die Rechtschreibreform im Schatten der Öffentlichkeit</i>, St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, Oktober 1997, 298 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155102" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-10-2</a> – Dokumentation von 21 Initiativen gegen die Rechtschreibreform</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Maria Theresia Rolland: <i>Streitobjekt Sprache</i>. In: Manfred Riebe; Norbert Schäbler; Tobias Loew (Hrsg.): Der „stille「 Protest. St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, S. 190 f.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Maria Theresia Rolland: <i>Korrekte Informationsvermittlung durch Rechtschreibreform gefährdet</i>. In: NFD, Information – Wissenschaft und Praxis, 48 (1997) 5; S. 289–293</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Maria Theresia Rolland: <i>Sprache in Theorie und Praxis. Gesammelte Aufsätze 1995–1997</i>. Würzburg: Königshausen und Neumann, 1999, 247 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3826015851" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-8260-1585-1</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Wolfgang Roth: <i>Zur Verfassungswidrigkeit der Rechtschreibreform. Zugleich Anmerkungen zum Urteil des BVerfG vom 14.7.1998 – 1 BvR 1640/97</i>. In: Bayerische Verwaltungsblätter, Heft 9, 1. Mai 1999, S. 257–266</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Michael Schneider: <i>Geschichte der deutschen Orthographie – unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Entwicklung seit 1994</i>. Universität Marburg, 2001, 30 S. – <a href="http://www.schneid9.de/pdf/geschichte.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">PDF</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Alexander Siegner (Hrsg.): <i>Rechtschreibreform auf dem Prüfstand. Die Rechtschreibreform – Jahrhundertwerk oder Flop?</i> Mit Beiträgen von Reiner Kunze; Stephanus Peil; Theodor Ickler u.a. – St. Goar: Leibniz-Verlag, 1997, 55 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3931155080" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-931155-08-0</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dieter_Stein" title="Dieter Stein" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Dieter Stein</a> (Hrsg.): <i>Rettet die deutsche Sprache. Beiträge, Interviews und Materialien zum Kampf gegen Rechtschreibreform und Anglizismen</i>. Edition JF – Dokumentation, Band 9, Berlin 2004, 192 Seiten, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3929886219" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-929886-21-9</a> (mit Beiträgen u.a. von Theodor Ickler, Walter Krämer, Christian Meier, Thomas Paulwitz, Karin Pfeiffer-Stolz, Manfred Riebe)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Verein für Deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege e. V. (VRS) – Initiative gegen die Rechtschreibreform: <i>Unser Kampf gegen die Rechtschreibreform. Volksentscheid in Schleswig-Holstein</i>. Bearbeitung und Kommentar: Manfred Riebe. Nürnberg: VRS, Dezember 1998, 34 S.</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Johannes Wasmuth: <i>Verbot der Werkänderung und Rechtschreibreform</i>. In: Zeitschrift für Urheber- und Medienrecht (ZUM) Nr. 11/2001, S. 858–865</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hagen A. Wegewitz: <i>Verfassungsunmittelbare Bindungswirkung abstrahierbarer Auslegungen des Grundgesetzes. Theorie der Bindungswirkung und Methodik zur Ermittlung der tragenden Gründe von Bundesverfassungsgerichtsentscheidungen am Beispiel einer argumentationstheoretischen Analyse der Entscheidungen zur Rechtschreibreform</i>. Zugleich: Dissertation Universität Jena, 2002. Frankfurt am Main; Berlin; Bern; Bruxelles; New York; Oxford; Wien: Lang, 2003, 366 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3631506880" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-631-50688-0</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hermann Zabel (Hrsg.): <i>„Keine Wüteriche am Werk「. Berichte und Dokumente zur Neuregelung der deutschen Rechtschreibung</i>. Hrsg. in Verbindung mit der <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gesellschaft_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Sprache" title="Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gesellschaft für deutsche Sprache</a>. Hagen: Reiner Padligur Verlag, 1996, 448 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3922957463" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-922957-46-3</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Hermann Zabel (Hrsg.): <i>Widerworte. "Lieber Herr <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnter_Grass" title="Günter Grass" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Grass</a>, Ihre Aufregung ist unbegründet". Antworten an Gegner und Kritiker der Rechtschreibreform</i>. Aachen: Shaker, 1997, 184 S., <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/382652859X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-8265-2859-X</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Jean-Marie Zemb: <i>Für eine sinnige Rechtschreibung. Eine Aufforderung zur Besinnung ohne Gesichtsverlust</i>. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 1997, 154 S.,<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3484730471" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">ISBN 3-484-73047-1</a></li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span></h2><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://german.about.com/library/blreform_inhalt.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">German Spelling Reform. Rechtschreibreform. In: About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company</a></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Related articles in the German Wikipedia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Related_articles_in_the_German_Wikipedia">Related articles in the German Wikipedia</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rechtschreibreform" class="extiw" title="de:Rechtschreibreform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Spelling reform</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Rechtschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Rechtschreibung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German spelling</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Rechtschreibung_im_20._Jahrhundert" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Rechtschreibung im 20. Jahrhundert" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">20th century German spelling</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neue_deutsche_Rechtschreibung" class="extiw" title="de:Neue deutsche Rechtschreibung" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">New German spelling</a></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Societies for the German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Societies_for_the_German_language">Societies for the German language</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Schrift_und_Sprache" class="extiw" title="de:Bund für deutsche Schrift und Sprache" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bund für deutsche Schrift und Sprache</a> (BfdS)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.sprachforschung.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache e. V. (FDS) (German Language Research Group)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.lebendigesprache.de/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Lebendige deutsche Sprache e. V. (LDS)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://muttersprache.at.tf/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Verein „Muttersprache「, Wien</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fruchtbringende_Gesellschaft#Neue_Fruchtbringende_Gesellschaft" class="extiw" title="de:Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Neue Fruchtbringende Gesellschaft zu Köthen/Anhalt</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.vrs-ev.de/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Society for German spelling and language cultivation – initiative against the spelling reform</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.sprachkreis-deutsch.ch/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Sprachkreis Deutsch, Bern</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_Sprachpflege" class="extiw" title="de:Verein für Sprachpflege" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Verein für Sprachpflege</a> e. V. (VfS)</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Language journals" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Language_journals">Language journals</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Sprachwelt" class="extiw" title="de:Deutsche Sprachwelt" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Deutsche Sprachwelt (DSW)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.e-welt.net/bfds_2003/veroeff/zeitschrift.htm" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">„Die deutsche Schrift「, Vierteljahreshefte zur Förderung der deutschen Sprache und Schrift</a> in German type</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://muttersprache.at.tf/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">„Wiener Sprachblätter「, Zeitschrift für gutes Deutsch</a></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Activities concerning the spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Activities_concerning_the_spelling_reform">Activities concerning the spelling reform</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.deutsche-sprachwelt.de/archiv/Petition_der_50_Wortlaut.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Rechtswissenschaftler für die bewährte Rechtschreibung. Petition zur Beendigung des Rechtschreibreformprojekts, Februar 2004 – PDF</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://jura.freepage.de/cgi-bin/feets/freepage_ext/41030x030A/rewrite/rwg/index.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Hagen A.Wegewitz: 35 Urteile zur Rechtschreibreform, PDF</a></li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; width: auto; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Web pages concerning the spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="Web_pages_concerning_the_spelling_reform">Web pages concerning the spelling reform</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/bullet-icon.png?1); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://faql.de/reform.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Ralph Babel: Rechtschreibung (Orthographie)</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.rechtschreibreform-neindanke.de/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Jürgen Langhans: Rechtschreibreform, nein danke!</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.gutes-deutsch.de/Kaufempfehlungen.htm#IV" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Liste der reformfreien Zeitungen, Zeitschriften und Verlage</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.schriftdeutsch.de/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Hans-Jürgen Martin: Rechtschreibung und „Rechtschreibreform」</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.sprache-werner.info/Rechtschreibreform.1577.html?PHPSESSID=28f9429f65d89ff3fbce4a833c61b96e" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Ulrich Werner: Rechtschreibreform</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://rechtschreibung.com/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">WIR für gute Rechtschreibung</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://canoo.net/services/GermanSpellingDictionary/ueberblick/index.html?MenuId=GermanSpellingDictionary&lang=en" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">German Spelling Dictionary</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.canoo.net/blog" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Fragen Sie Dr. Bopp</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://www.neue-rechtschreibung.net/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Blog mit Tipps zur Rechtschreibung und „Rechtschreibreform」</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://de.pons.eu/deutsche-rechtschreibung/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Deutsche Rechtschreibung von PONS</a></li></ul><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); width: auto; font-size: 23px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 5px; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=German_orthography_reform_of_1996&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References and notes" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">edit</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id="References_and_notes">References and notes</span></h2><div class="references-small" style="font-size: 14px; "><ol class="references" style="line-height: 1.5em; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 3.2em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: none; "><li id="cite_note-0" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-0" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rs19980714_1bvr164097.html" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Bundesverfassungsgericht, Urteil vom 14. Juli 1998, Az.: 1 BvR 1640/97</a></li><li id="cite_note-1" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-1" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Denk" class="extiw" title="de:Friedrich Denk" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Friedrich Denk</a></li><li id="cite_note-2" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-2" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiative_Wir_Lehrer_gegen_die_Rechtschreibreform" class="extiw" title="de:Initiative Wir Lehrer gegen die Rechtschreibreform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Initiative „Wir Lehrer gegen die Rechtschreibreform「 ("Teachers Against the Spelling Reform")</a></li><li id="cite_note-3" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-3" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verein_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibung_und_Sprachpflege" class="extiw" title="de:Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Verein für deutsche Rechtschreibung und Sprachpflege e.V. (VRS) – Initiative gegen die Rechtschreibreform</a></li><li id="cite_note-4" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-4" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Ickler" class="extiw" title="de:Theodor Ickler" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Theodor Ickler</a></li><li id="cite_note-5" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-5" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst_Haider_Munske" class="extiw" title="de:Horst Haider Munske" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Horst Haider Munske</a></li><li id="cite_note-6" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-6" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.tu-berlin.de/fb1/AGiW/Cricetus/SOzuC1/SOVsRSR/ArchivSO/LitWErkl.pdf" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/23/Icons-mini-file_acrobat.gif); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 18px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Gemeinsame Erklärung von rund 600 Sprachprofessoren zur Rechtschreibreform, Mai 1998</a></li><li id="cite_note-7" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-7" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josef_Kraus" class="extiw" title="de:Josef Kraus" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Josef Kraus, president of the <i>Deutscher Lehrerverband</i> (DL)</a></li><li id="cite_note-8" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-8" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.sprachforschung.org/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Forschungsgruppe Deutsche Sprache e. V.</a></li><li id="cite_note-9" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-9" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Krieger" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Krieger" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hans Krieger</a></li><li id="cite_note-10" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-10" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat_f%C3%BCr_deutsche_Rechtschreibung_e.V." class="extiw" title="de:Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung e.V." style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung e.V. (RDR)</a></li><li id="cite_note-11" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-11" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~smlsaj/" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/vector/images/external-link-ltr-icon.png?2); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Professor Sally Johnson</a></li><li id="cite_note-12" style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_spelling_reform#cite_ref-12" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">^</a></b> <a href="http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Paulwitz" class="extiw" title="de:Thomas Paulwitz" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Thomas Paulwitz, Chefredakteur der Sprachzeitung „Deutsche Sprachwelt「</a></li></ol></div><div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 5px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 5px; margin-top: 1em; clear: both; "><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Categories</a>: <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:German_language" title="Category:German language" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German language</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Orthography_reform" title="Category:Orthography reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Orthography reform</a></span> | <span dir="ltr"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Spelling_reform" title="Category:Spelling reform" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(6, 69, 173); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Spelling reform</a></span></div></div></div></span></div><div><br></div> :LPenkyamp，你再繼續噉樣機械複製其它網站嘅內容過嚟，唔排版，唔修改，文字雜亂長篇大論，小心畀版主刪帖:L 水蛇春0甘長
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