怛罗斯战役

使君子 發表於 2010-2-2 14:40:21

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">怛罗斯战役</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></font><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; "><b><br>怛罗斯（Talas）战役</b>，又称<b>怛逻斯之役</b>或<b>但逻斯之役</b>。是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐朝</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">玄宗</a>时唐朝的势力与来自现在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF" title="阿拉伯" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拉伯</a>、新兴和信奉<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99" title="伊斯兰教" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">伊斯兰教</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BB%80%E5%8F%B6%E6%B4%BE" title="什叶派" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">什叶派</a>的新兴<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拔斯王朝</a>（即<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BB%91%E8%A1%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%9F" title="黑衣大食" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">黑衣大食</a>）的势力在包含<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%98%AD%E6%AD%A6%E4%B9%9D%E5%A7%93%E5%9B%BD" title="昭武九姓国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">昭武九姓国</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8B%83%E5%BE%8B" title="大勃律" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8B%83%E5%BE%8B" title="小勃律" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">小勃律</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97" title="吐火罗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗</a>在内的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">中亚</a>诸国相遇而导致的战役。<b>怛罗斯战役</b>是一场当时历史上最强大的东西方帝国间的碰撞。</span></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><br></span></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px;"><br></span><table border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" align="right" style="font-size: 15px; color: black; background-color: white; margin-left: 1em; margin-bottom: 1em; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">怛罗斯战役<p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">怛罗斯在哈萨克江布尔城附近</p></th></tr><tr><td>日期</td><td><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/751%E5%B9%B4" title="751年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">751年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/7%E6%9C%88" title="7月" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">7月</a>－<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/8%E6%9C%88" title="8月" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">8月</a>（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐玄宗</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AF%B6_(%E5%94%90)" title="天宝 (唐)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">天宝</a>十载）</td></tr><tr><td>可能地点</td><td><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哈萨克斯坦</a>的边境，接近<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哈萨克斯坦</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B9" title="塔拉兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塔拉兹</a>（曾称<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江布尔（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">江布尔</a>）。</td></tr><tr><td>结果</td><td><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拔斯王朝</a>（即<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BB%91%E8%A1%A3%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%9F" title="黑衣大食" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">黑衣大食</a>）胜利</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table border="1" width="300" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="font-size: 15px; color: black; background-color: white; "><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" bgcolor="#CCCCCC">交战各方</th></tr><tr><td width="50%"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拔斯王朝</a></td><td width="50%"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐朝</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">指挥官</th></tr><tr><td><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="阿布·穆斯林" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿布·穆斯林</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BD%90%E4%BA%9A%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="齐亚德·伊本·萨里（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">齐亚德·伊本·萨里</a></td><td><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AB%98%E4%BB%99%E8%8A%9D" title="高仙芝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高仙芝</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9D%8E%E5%97%A3%E4%B8%9A" title="李嗣业" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">李嗣业</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%AE%B5%E7%A7%80%E5%AE%9E" title="段秀实" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">段秀实</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">兵力</th></tr><tr><td>约150,000人（40,000名<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="呼罗珊" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">呼罗珊</a>士兵，十余万名<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿姆河</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="锡尔河" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">锡尔河</a>流域的阿拔斯王朝<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BF%9D%E6%8A%A4%E5%9B%BD" title="保护国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">保护国</a>的士兵。）</td><td>约30,000人（20,000名唐朝<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安西都护府" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安西都护府</a>士兵，10,000名盟军<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%94%E6%B1%97%E9%82%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拔汗那（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">拔汗那</a>的士兵和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%91%9B%E7%BD%97%E7%A6%84" title="葛罗禄" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">葛罗禄</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%9B%87%E4%BD%A3%E5%85%B5" title="雇佣兵" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">雇佣兵</a>。）</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2">伤亡</th></tr><tr><td>？</td><td>高、李、段三人和数千士兵逃出生还</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-weight: normal !important; font-size: 15px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; "><br><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 22px; ">怛罗斯战役的起因，据史书记载，是西域藩国<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%9F%B3%E5%9B%BD" title="石国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">石国</a>「无番臣礼」。唐<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%A4%A7%E9%83%BD%E8%AD%B7%E5%BA%9C" title="安西大都护府" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安西</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">节度使</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AB%98%E4%BB%99%E8%8A%9D" title="高仙芝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高仙芝</a>领兵征讨，石国请求投降，高仙芝允诺和好；但是不久高仙芝即违背承诺，攻占并血洗石国城池，掠走男丁，屠杀老人、妇女和儿童，抢夺财物，并俘虏石国国王并献于阙下斩首。侥幸逃脱的石国王子向阿拔斯王朝求救。高仙芝得到消息后，决定采取先发制人之策，主动进攻大食。鉴于当时唐帝国在西域的影响，有许多<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84" title="葛逻禄" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">葛逻禄</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%8B%94%E6%B1%97%E9%82%A3%E5%9C%8B" title="拔汗那国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">拔汗那国</a>的军卒参加大唐的军队，组成的唐联军有三万多人（另有说法为七万多人），其中唐兵占三分之二。高仙芝率领大唐联军长途奔袭，深入七百余里，最后在怛罗斯与大食军队遭遇。怛罗斯的所在地还未完全确定，但应在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="吉尔吉斯斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吉尔吉斯斯坦</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哈萨克斯坦</a>的边境，接近<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%93%88%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="哈萨克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哈萨克斯坦</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%94%E6%8B%89%E5%85%B9" title="塔拉兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塔拉兹</a>（曾称<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%9F%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="江布尔（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">江布尔</a>）的地区。</span></span></span></span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.83.8C.E6.99.AF">背景</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">根据现在历史研究，怛罗斯战役是东西方两大帝国势力扩张的必然后果。早在公元七世纪后半叶，被<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E4%BA%BA" title="阿拉伯人" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拉伯人</a>称为「列王之父」的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="阿布杜勒·马利克" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿布杜勒·马利克</a>（685－705年在位）的任命之下，哈查只·伊本·优素福被任命为掌管东方的最高权利者，在他的领导下，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯帝国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拉伯帝国</a>的疆域向东方获得了极大的扩张，由于垂涎唐朝的富庶，他应许他的两个大将：<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A9%86%E7%BD%95%E9%BB%98%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E6%9C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="穆罕默德·伊本·卡西木（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">穆罕默德·伊本·卡西木</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E5%A4%AA%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古太白·本·穆斯林·巴西里（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">古太白·本·穆斯林·巴西里</a>，谁最先踏上唐朝的领土，就任命谁做东土的长官。于是古太白征服了塔立甘、舒曼、塔哈斯坦、布哈拉等大片中亚地区，而穆罕默德征服了印度的边疆地区，当阿拉伯帝国的势力在和唐王朝经营的安西四镇接壤后，战争无法避免。在开元三年（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/715%E5%B9%B4" title="715年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">715年</a>）和开元五年（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/717%E5%B9%B4" title="717年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">717年</a>），阿拉伯帝国<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="倭马亚王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">乌马亚王朝</a>对唐代所属的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E5%9B%9B%E9%95%87" title="安西四镇" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安西四镇</a>的入侵战争均遭到失败之后，阿拉伯帝国仍旧执着地向中亚进行扩张。750年，阿拉伯帝国发生革命，阿拔斯王朝建立，继续执行东扩的计划。在此情况下，唐王朝经营<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西域</a>的四镇都知兵马使高仙芝以石国（昭武九姓之一阿拉伯帝国的附属国）无蕃臣礼节为由，发动了对石国的战争，借机打击阿拔斯王朝在中亚的势力，战争由此爆发。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">战役</h2></span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">史载战斗持续了五日。初期战斗唐王朝的精锐步兵占上风，但是兵力悬殊战争变成僵局，其间唐联军的葛逻禄部见势不妙，倒向大食。唐军步兵因此与唐军主力失去联络。阿拔斯王朝联军乘唐军士兵发生暂时混乱的机会，出动重<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AA%91%E5%85%B5" title="骑兵" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">骑兵</a>主力对唐朝步兵猛攻。高仙芝受到大食与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%91%9B%E9%80%BB%E7%A6%84" title="葛逻禄" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">葛逻禄</a>部两面夹击，无力支撑而溃不成军。势危之时，副将李嗣业劝高仙芝弃军逃跑，别将段秀实责备李嗣业说：「惮敌而奔，非勇也；免己陷众，非仁也。」李嗣业甚感惭愧，与段秀实一起，集拢散卒向安西退守。于是高仙芝、副将<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9D%8E%E5%97%A3%E4%B8%9A" title="李嗣业" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">李嗣业</a>和别将<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%AE%B5%E7%A7%80%E5%AE%9E" title="段秀实" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">段秀实</a>收拢残部向安西逃遁，途中恰逢大唐联军的拔汗那兵也溃逃至此，兵马车辆拥挤堵塞道路。李嗣业惟恐大食追兵将及，杀死百余名拔汗那军士才得以率先通过。最后高仙芝等和数千名唐兵逃至安西。此役以大食军完胜奔袭问罪的唐联军为结局，唐三万余士卒近乎全没，只有少数逃脱。</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D"><br>影响</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br>长远来看，很大程度因为怛罗斯战役的影响，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="伊斯兰文化" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西亚文化</a>比<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="中国文化" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">东亚文化</a>对中亚的影响更为深远。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%80%A0%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AF" title="造纸术" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">造纸术</a>亦因为唐军<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%88%98%E4%BF%98" title="战俘" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">战俘</a>中的造纸工匠被带到由阿拔斯王朝第一任<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E5%8F%91" title="哈里发" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哈里发</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF-%E8%90%A8%E6%B3%95%E8%B5%AB" title="阿布·阿拔斯-萨法赫" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿布·阿拔斯-萨法赫</a>在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%92%92%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%BD%95" title="撒马尔罕" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">撒马尔罕</a>新建的的造纸坊里工作而传到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9A" title="中亚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">中亚</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%9C" title="中东" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西亚</a>。怛罗斯战役对东西方历史进程影响是非常深远的。战役之后，唐王朝在西域的实力并未受到影响。按当时的情况看,这场战役只是一场遭遇战。唐王朝还在中亚继续扩张,而在755年在中亚的领土达到了鼎盛时期。但接踵而至的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="安史之乱" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安史之乱</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%97%A9%E9%95%87%E5%89%B2%E6%8D%AE" title="藩镇割据" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">藩镇割据</a>导致唐朝无力经营西域，并自此退出对中亚霸权的争夺。原本臣服于唐朝的中亚诸国转而臣服于阿拔斯王朝和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="吐蕃王朝" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">土蕃王朝</a>，对伊斯兰教在中亚的传播起了作用。尽管阿拔斯王朝取得了怛罗斯战役的胜利，但是慑与唐朝军队在战斗中所展示惊人的战斗力，阿拔斯王朝也打消东进扩展领土的打算，阿拔斯王朝默许了葛罗禄在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%A7%86%E6%B2%B3" title="阿姆河" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿姆河</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%94%A1%E5%B0%94%E6%B2%B3" title="锡尔河" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">锡尔河</a>流域附近的扩张。他们自立了一国家，并一直维持至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B9%9D%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="九世纪" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">九世纪</a>末被后来建立<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BB%91%E6%B1%97%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="黑汗王朝" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">黑汗王朝</a>的入侵者消灭。</p></div></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-2-2 14:49:14

朝鲜人高仙芝

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高仙芝</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></font><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>高仙芝</b>（<span style="color: rgb(85, 85, 85); "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E" title="朝鲜语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">朝</a>：<span title="谚文表记"><span lang="ko" xml:lang="ko">고선지</span></span><small>／</small><span title="汉字（国汉混用）表记"><span lang="ko" xml:lang="ko">高仙芝 </span></span></span>卒于<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/755%E5%B9%B4" title="755年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">755年</a>），<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E6%9C%9D" title="唐朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐朝</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E4%B8%BD" title="高句丽" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高句丽</a>族名将。高仙芝是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐玄宗</a>的将军，关于其最著名的事迹是率领唐军在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%BA%9E" title="中亚" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">中亚</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="阿拉伯帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拉伯帝国</a>展开<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="怛罗斯战役" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">怛罗斯战役</a>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><div style="text-align: center;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><b><br></b></span></font></div><div style="text-align: center;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><b><br></b></span></font></div><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">早年</h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">高仙芝本是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%8F%A5%E9%BA%97" title="高句丽" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高句丽</a>人。「高」乃高句丽王族之姓，一般认为高仙芝乃高句丽王族之后。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">《旧唐书》内记载高仙芝之父名<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E8%88%8D%E9%9B%9E" title="高舍鸡" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高舍鸡</a>是高句丽人，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/668%E5%B9%B4" title="668年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">668年</a>高句丽灭亡后，高舍鸡内迁至中原，在河西军从军，后来在唐帝国的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西域</a>地区累任至四镇十将、诸卫将军。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">高仙芝二十岁时以父有功授<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B8%B8%E5%87%BB%E5%B0%86%E5%86%9B" title="游击将军" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">游击将军</a>。当时的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安西都护府" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安西都护府</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">节度使</a>并不欣赏他的军事才华，直到后来新的节度使夫蒙灵察把他提拔为副都护，四镇（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%8E%E9%98%97" title="于阗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">于阗</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E5%8B%92" title="疏勒" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">疏勒</a>）都知兵马使。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.BE.81.E6.88.98"><br>征战</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/747%E5%B9%B4" title="747年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">747年</a>，唐<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%9D" title="天宝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">天宝</a>六年三月，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐玄宗</a>任命高仙芝为行营<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%BA%A6%E4%BD%BF" title="节度使" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">节度使</a>。高仙芝率步骑一万，经过疏勒（今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E4%BB%80" title="喀什" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">喀什</a>），越<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%B1%E5%B2%AD" title="葱岭" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">葱岭</a>（今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E9%AB%98%E5%8E%9F" title="帕米尔高原" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">帕米尔高原</a>），到达坦驹岭（今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%88%88%E9%83%BD%E5%BA%AB%E4%BB%80%E5%B1%B1" title="兴都库什山" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">兴都库什山</a>东端），战败<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%90%E8%95%83" title="吐蕃" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">土蕃</a>取<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8B%83%E5%BE%8B" title="小勃律" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">小勃律</a>（在今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="克什米尔" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">克什米尔</a>北部）。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">此后唐王朝和土蕃、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%AD%E9%A9%AC%E4%BA%9A%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="倭马亚王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">乌马亚王朝</a>关系日益敌意。当时有72个中亚的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">粟特</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99" title="印度教" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度教</a>王国藩属唐王朝。高仙芝任节度使，辖区包括今天<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">乌兹别克斯坦</a>境内的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%92%B8%E6%B5%B7" title="咸海" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">咸海</a>南部、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" title="库车" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">库车</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E4%BB%80%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94" title="克什米尔" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">克什米尔</a>，在今天<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">巴基斯坦</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%83%A8%E5%9C%B0%E5%8D%80" title="北部地区" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">北部地区</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿富汗</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%80%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="喀布尔" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">喀布尔</a>都设有分支机构。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.80.9B.E7.BD.97.E6.96.AF.E6.88.98.E5.BD.B9"><br>怛罗斯战役</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/750%E5%B9%B4" title="750年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">750年</a>，高仙芝征服<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%92%92%E9%A6%AC%E7%88%BE%E7%BD%95" title="撒马尔罕" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">撒马尔罕</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E4%BB%80%E5%B9%B2" title="塔什干" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塔什干</a>（位于今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%8C%E5%85%B9%E5%88%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="乌兹别克斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">乌兹别克斯坦</a>），将当地的撒马尔罕国王押解回<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">长安</a>，但杀死了塔什干国王。新近崛起的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="阿拉伯帝国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拉伯帝国</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%94%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="阿拔斯王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿拔斯王朝</a>派出东征军，在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E7%BD%97%E7%8F%8A" title="呼罗珊" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">呼罗珊</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF" title="波斯" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">波斯</a>人的协助下进攻高仙芝。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/751%E5%B9%B4" title="751年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">751年</a>，高仙芝领导的三万<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E8%A5%BF%E9%83%BD%E6%8A%A4%E5%BA%9C" title="安西都护府" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安西都护府</a>军队在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%80%9B%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E6%88%98%E5%BD%B9" title="怛罗斯战役" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">怛罗斯战役</a>中败于阿拔斯王朝的东征军，返回<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>。之后高仙芝试图反攻，但因兵力不足作罢。此役使得<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%A0%E7%BA%B8%E6%9C%AF" title="造纸术" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">造纸术</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88" title="指南针" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">指南针</a>流入阿拉伯，对阿拉伯和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2" title="欧洲" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">欧洲</a>之后的发展起了重要的作用。唐帝国虽然本身没有失去领土，但从此失去了对中亚各王国的控制。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.AE.89.E5.8F.B2.E4.B9.8B.E4.B9.B1"><br>安史之乱</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/755%E5%B9%B4" title="755年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">755年</a>后高仙芝入朝任右羽林大将军。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%8F%B2%E4%B9%8B%E4%B9%B1" title="安史之乱" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安史之乱</a>初，他作为副元帅领军东征。因前线失利，高仙芝遂与退守下来的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%B8%B8%E6%B8%85" title="封常清" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">封常清</a>制定退保<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%BC%E5%85%B3" title="潼关" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">潼关</a>的战略，一方面避敌之锋，同时等待各地驻军前来援助，以阻叛军进入西京<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%BF%E5%AE%89" title="长安" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">长安</a>。不料却遭监军<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%A6%E5%AE%98" title="宦官" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">宦官</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BE%B9%E4%BB%A4%E8%AF%9A" title="边令诚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">边令诚</a>陷害「盗减军士粮赐」。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%8E%84%E5%AE%97" title="唐玄宗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">唐玄宗</a>因为安史之乱对各节度使心存芥蒂，怀疑高仙芝把长安的兵马和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E5%8E%9F" title="太原" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">太原</a>的粮草集中在潼关的目的，趁此将两大名将高仙芝与封常清同被处死，高仙芝觉得冤枉，大声说：「我于京中召儿郎辈，虽得少许物，装束亦未能足，方与君辈破贼，然后取高官重赏。不谓贼势凭陵，引军至此，亦欲固守潼关故也。我若实有此，君辈即言实；我若实无之，君辈当言枉。」士兵皆呼冤枉，但边令诚不听。仙芝又回头看常清尸体，曰：「封二，子从微至著，我则引拔子为我判官，俄又代我为节度使，今日又与子同死于此，岂命也夫！」言毕被杀。此消息憾动了唐军，使安禄山有了再次坐大的可能。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.90.8E.E4.B8.96.E8.AF.84.E4.BB.B7"><br>后世评价</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">后世的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E4%BA%BA" title="朝鲜人" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">朝鲜人</a>（包括<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%A9%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA" title="韩国人" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">韩国人</a>）对于高句丽族的唐朝大将高仙芝十分推崇。许多南北韩的历史学家均认为他是东亚历史上最伟大的军事将领之一。高句丽人尚武，髙句丽灭亡后在唐境内形成多处武人集团。社会科学院的杨保隆认为有1/3到一半的高句丽曾被内迁至内地，并且成为内地一股重要的武人集团，在唐末五代历史中扮演了重要的角色。</p></div></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-2-2 14:56:01

西域昭武九姓

使君子 發表於 2010-2-2 15:07:01

粟特人、塞人（Scyth）、月氏人

<br><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "><b>斯基泰人</b>(<b>Scythians</b>)，又译<b>西古提人</b>、<b>西徐亚人</b>或<b>赛西亚人</b>；古代波斯人称之为 Saka 塞克人，分为戴尖帽塞克人、饮豪麻汁塞克人、海那边的塞克人；《<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%B2%E8%A8%98" title="史记" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">史记</a>》、《<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%BC%A2%E6%9B%B8" title="汉书" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">汉书</a>》称之为<b>塞种</b>、<b>尖帽塞人</b>或<b>萨迦</b>人，是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BF%84%E8%8D%89%E5%8E%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南俄草原（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">南俄草原</a>上<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AC%A7%E8%AF%AD%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印欧语系</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%94%AF" title="伊朗语支" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">东伊朗语族</a>之游牧民族，其随居地从今日<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF" title="俄罗斯" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">俄罗斯</a>东部的欧洲部分一直到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%A7%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4" title="内蒙古" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">内蒙古</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%84%82%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%9A%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%99%E6%BC%A0" title="鄂尔多斯沙漠" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">鄂尔多斯沙漠</a>，是史载最早之游牧民族，善于养<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC" title="马" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">马</a>，据信<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%AA%91%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="骑术（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">骑术</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A5%B6%E9%85%AA" title="奶酪" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">奶酪</a>等皆出于其发明；公元<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%89%8D7%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="前7世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">前7世纪</a>曾对<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高加索</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B0%8F%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" title="小亚细亚" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">小亚细亚</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BA%9A%E7%BE%8E%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="亚美尼亚" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">亚美尼亚</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95" title="米底" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">米底</a>以及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BA%9A%E8%BF%B0%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="亚述帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">亚述帝国</a>大举入侵，威胁西亚近七十年，其骑兵驰骋于<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E5%A4%9A%E7%BB%86%E4%BA%9A" title="卡帕多细亚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">卡帕多细亚</a>到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B1%B3%E5%BA%95" title="米底" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">米底</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AB%98%E5%8A%A0%E7%B4%A2" title="高加索" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高加索</a>到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8F%99%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="叙利亚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">叙利亚</a>之间，寻找掠夺物；其后逐渐衰落，分为众多部落，公元<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/4%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="4世纪" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">四</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/5%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="5世纪" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">五世纪</a>民族大迁徙时随<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8C%88%E4%BA%BA" title="匈人" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">匈人</a>入侵欧洲之<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%E4%BA%BA" title="阿兰人" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿兰人</a>即为其中之一部。有人说在咸海以北戴尖帽那支后来成为突厥阿史那部。</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ad/Scythia-Parthia_100_BC.png" alt="File:Scythia-Parthia 100 BC.png"></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/KulObaTreasure.jpg/648px-KulObaTreasure.jpg" alt="File:KulObaTreasure.jpg"></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-2-2 15:34:25

「大夏」（东征希腊人）、吐火罗人（佛教传播者）

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">大夏王国又称为希腊-巴克特里亚王国。疆域最广时，向北包括<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B2%9F%E7%89%B9" title="粟特" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">粟特</a>，向南扩展至今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%96%80%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="喀布尔" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">喀布尔</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE" title="旁遮普" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">旁遮普</a>与印度河下游地区。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="巴克特里亚" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">巴克特里亚</a>的原始居民为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">伊朗</a>人。在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="波斯帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">古波斯帝国</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A1%BF%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="马其顿王国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">马其顿</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="亚历山大帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">亚历山大帝国</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E8%A5%BF%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="塞琉西王朝" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塞琉古</a>帝国时代，此地都是其所属行省，塞琉西王朝统治中亚时，更将大批希腊人和马其顿人移居此地。公元<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%89%8D246%E5%B9%B4" title="前246年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">前246年</a>左右总督<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="狄奥多特一世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">狄奥多特一世</a>藉著塞琉西王朝<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%A1%E5%85%8B%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="安条克二世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安条克二世</a>逝世且塞琉古帝国衰弱无暇东顾时宣布独立建国。公元前238年，帕尼（Parni）游牧民族的酋长<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="阿尔沙克一世" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿尔沙克一世</a>入侵大夏邻近的帕提亚建立<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF" title="安息" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安息</a>王国，使得大夏与西方希腊世界直接陆路被切断，当塞琉古国王<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="塞琉古二世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塞琉古二世</a>出兵安息时大夏也一旁夹击。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">狄奥多特一世之子<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="狄奥多特二世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">狄奥多特二世</a>继位后与安息签订和约并一同对付意图收复东方行省的塞琉古帝国，公元前230年左右大夏北部地区的一个总督<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="欧西德莫斯一世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">欧西德莫斯一世</a>夺取了狄奥多特家族的政权，自立为王。公元前208年，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%9E%E7%90%89%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="塞琉古帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塞琉古</a>国王<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%A2%9D%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="安条克三世" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安条克三世</a>向东进军，在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%88%A9%E7%83%8F%E6%B2%B3%E6%88%B0%E5%BD%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿利乌河战役（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿利乌河战役</a>打败大夏军队，并围攻大夏都城<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%96%84%E7%9F%A5" title="薄知" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">薄知</a>（Bactria），但不能攻下。公元前206年，双方达成协议，安条克三世承认大夏王国独立并把女儿许配给欧西德莫斯一世之子<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F)" title="德米特里一世 (大夏)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德米特里一世</a>，但须与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF" title="安息" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安息</a>一样向塞琉古纳贡。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 222px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg/220px-DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg" width="220" height="109" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:DiodotusGoldCoin.jpg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8B%84%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E7%89%B9%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="狄奥多特一世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">狄奥多特一世</a>的金币（ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΔΙΟΔΟΤΟΥ）</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F)" title="德米特里一世 (大夏)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德米特里一世</a> 继位后，乘着<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AD%94%E9%9B%80%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="孔雀王朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">孔雀王朝</a>衰败之际大举南侵印度，将今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E5%AF%8C%E6%B1%97" title="阿富汗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿富汗</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="巴基斯坦" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">巴基斯坦</a>北部地区纳入大夏版图，公元前183年将都城迁至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BE%E5%8F%89%E5%A7%8B%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="呾叉始罗（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">呾叉始罗</a>（Taxila），使国家重心移入古印度西北部，国家达至极盛期，且重视希腊文化与印度文化的交融。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">德米特里一世逝世原因不清楚，在公元前180年后国家似乎先后或同时由多位执政者或副王把持，可能陷入内战，大夏自始一分为二，一在大夏本土，另一在印度为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E7%8E%8B%E5%9C%8B" title="印度-希腊王国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度-希腊王国</a>（Indo-Greek Kingdom）诸国，并不时相互对抗。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">公元前168年，希腊贵族<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%AD%90%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E6%8F%90%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="欧克拉提德一世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">欧克拉提德一世</a>占据大夏本土，自立为王，期间与安息<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E9%81%94%E6%A2%AF%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%B8%95%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%9E)" title="米特里达梯一世 (帕提亚)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">米特里达梯一世</a>战争中再失去包含<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9C%A8%E9%B9%BF" title="木鹿" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">木鹿</a>等王国西部，被分裂后的大夏王国越趋衰弱，而后北方游牧民族<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA" title="塞人" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塞人</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大月氏</a>先后入侵而于公元前125年左右灭亡。而印度-希腊王国诸多君主史料不多，但可知持续受到南下的塞人侵扰。在公元前10年左右最后一位君主被<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E5%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度-塞人（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度-塞人</a>灭亡。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">汉朝<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BC%B5%E9%A8%AB" title="张骞" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">张骞</a>出使西域时于<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%85%83%E6%9C%94" title="元朔" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">元朔</a>元年（前128年）左右抵达大夏，并记录当地民情风俗。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"><br>语言</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">大夏人讲的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="语言" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">语言</a>，按今日的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8" title="语言学" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">语言学</a>分类，属于 <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E6%AD%90%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="印欧语系" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印欧语系</a> <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6-%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E8%AA%9E%E6%97%8F" title="印度-伊朗语族" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度-伊朗语族</a> 东北语支的一员（亦有说是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD%E6%97%8F" title="吐火罗语族" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗语族</a>）。因受希腊化影响而与其他语言不同的是，大夏语是语族内唯一采用<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="希腊字母" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">希腊字母</a>的语言。除了基本的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" title="字母" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">字母</a>以外，大夏人还另外自制了一个字母<i><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/Sho" title="Sho" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Sho</a></i>，采用半个Φ的造型，来表示/<span class="IPA" style="font-family: 'Segoe UI', 'Chrysanthi Unicode', 'Doulos SIL', Gentium, GentiumAlt, Code2000, 'TITUS Cyberbit Basic', 'DejaVu Sans', 'Bitstream Cyberbit', 'Arial Unicode MS', 'Lucida Sans Unicode', 'Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro', 'Matrix Unicode'; "><b>ʃ</b></span>/（<i>sh</i>）这个音。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.BE.8E.E8.A1.93"><br>美术</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 202px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:BhalkCapital.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/BhalkCapital.jpg/200px-BhalkCapital.jpg" width="200" height="243" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:BhalkCapital.jpg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>在大夏王国首都所发现的希腊式遗迹</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">古代巴克特里亚的建筑艺术达到过相当高的水平，原本就建有大城市及许多定居点，有千城之国美称。在希腊大夏王国时代所建的都市，城墙厚实，上建长方形望楼，市区平面规划整齐，住房多用小扁石块修筑，基础则用生砖砌成，国都的王宫与贵族府邸更以壁画装饰。希腊人统治时期发行过大量货币，其中流传下来的成为研究这一时期的历史与艺术的珍贵资料。这些货币正面为历代希腊统治者的肖像，皆系公元前3～前2世纪铸成。这些肖像生动传神，突破了在钱币上通常只刻画理想化君主形象的惯例，而把这些帝王的个人特点表现出来，反映出大夏王国艺术家的才华与尊重现实的创作态度。希腊-马其顿的征服者们也力图在宗教信仰上影响巴克特里亚人，因此在钱币背面都铸有希腊诸神，如<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%99%E6%96%AF" title="宙斯" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">宙斯</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B5%AB%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF" title="赫拉克勒斯" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">赫拉克勒斯</a>与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%98%BF%E6%B3%A2%E7%BD%97" title="阿波罗" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿波罗</a>的形象，但是本地居民并没有放弃自己原来的宗教信仰。这些钱币并不能证明当地人的文化已同化于纯希腊文化，事实上是两种文化相互影响的产物。由于历史原因与地理位置，巴克特里亚与希腊和印度在文化上都发生过广泛的联系。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.B6.93.E6.BF.9F"><br>经济</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">希腊大夏王国时期，中亚的农业和畜牧业获得迅速发展，种植小麦、稻谷、葡萄。来自希腊、马其顿、小亚细亚的移民大规模地屯田开荒，兴修水利。公元前3世纪以后，城市经济繁荣。在各遗址中，都发现有大量钱币（主要是银币），上面的王像和铭文，为研究者提供了有关王国的政治史、王室世系、编年的珍贵资料。同时，这些钱币还证明了当时繁荣的社会经济交流。在大夏王国晚期君主<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%AD%90%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96" title="欧西德莫斯二世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">欧西德莫斯二世</a>曾发行<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%99%BD%E9%93%9C" title="白铜" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">白铜</a>合金的钱币。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">大夏王国处在东西南北交通要道的会合处，亦是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B5%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="丝路" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">丝路</a>上重镇。通往印度的商路和通往喀什噶尔的商路都经过巴克特里亚。联系巴克特里亚与西方的商路有两条。一条经过<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%81%AF" title="安息" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安息</a>到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9F%83%E5%85%8B%E5%B7%B4%E5%9D%A6%E9%82%A3" title="埃克巴坦那" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">埃克巴坦那</a>前往<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AE%89%E6%A2%9D%E5%85%8B" title="安条克" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">安条克</a>；另一条则是水路，经印度航运至埃及或条支（Antiochia in Susiana）。中国的丝绸、中亚、西伯利亚的黄金、印度的香料、象牙都从这里转运到西方，商队不绝于途。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="editsection" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; font-weight: normal !important; font-size: 15px; ">[<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F_(%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑段落：文化" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">编辑</a>]</span><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.96.87.E5.8C.96">文化</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">由希腊移民创建的大夏王国的政治体制、经济结构、文化构成等都植根于古老的希腊文明。但是，由于这种外来文化是被移植、发展于同样具有古老文明的中亚腹地，并不断受到印度和波斯文化的影响与渗透，因而形成了一种以希腊文化为基调的「混成」文化。这种文化，对中亚古代文明的发展影响甚深，对中亚周边各文明区亦有程度不同的影响。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">佛教经典《<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%8C%E9%9B%A3%E9%99%80%E7%8E%8B%E5%95%8F%E7%B6%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弥难陀王问经（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">弥难陀王问经</a>》（南传<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="巴利文" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">巴利文</a>佛经）记载了希腊人与印度佛教的接触。东晋时翻译为汉文《那先比丘经》。（英译：Questions of King Milinda）这本书是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="米南德一世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">弥难陀</a>（Menander I）向一位僧侣<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%A3%E5%85%88%E6%AF%94%E4%B8%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="那先比丘（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">那先比丘</a>问道的集子，其解答明显是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">佛教</a>教义。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><br></h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></font><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>吐火罗</b>(Tochari)是原始印欧人分布在中亚的一支民族。他们聚居在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塔里木盆地</a>一带。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><div style="text-align: center;"><font class="Apple-style-span" face="Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 14px; -webkit-border-horizontal-spacing: 2px; -webkit-border-vertical-spacing: 2px;"><b><br></b></span></font></div><br></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><br></div><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><br><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.80.83.E5.8F.A4.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6"><br>考古研究</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:SteinMummy.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/SteinMummy.jpg/180px-SteinMummy.jpg" width="180" height="307" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:SteinMummy.jpg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>塔里木古尸</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">根据对<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" title="库车" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">库车</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>出土的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗语</a>残卷的研究，讲吐火罗语的吐火罗人属印欧人，但很早就已从原始印欧人群中分离出去。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">根据对塔里木干尸和古墓出土古尸骨的研究，吐火罗人的外貌特征都是<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">黄褐或棕褐</font></u></span></b><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%A0%AD%E9%AB%AE" title="头发" style="background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">头发</font></span></b></a><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><u><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">、蓝眼睛、高鼻</font></u></span></b>，具有原始印欧人特征，头骨类似北欧型。塔里木干尸身前是地处中亚的讲印欧语言的人，大约在公元前三四千年居留在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A1%94%E9%87%8C%E6%9C%A8%E7%9B%86%E5%9C%B0" title="塔里木盆地" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">塔里木盆地</a>一带，后来成为吐火罗人；《汉书·西域志》关于西域人有「今之胡人青眼赤须」，「其人皆深目多须髯」。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吐火罗人最后被包括<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B6%AD%E5%90%BE%E7%88%BE" title="维吾尔" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">维吾尔</a>族在内的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="突厥" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">突厥</a>人在公元<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/8%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="8世纪" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">8世纪</a>同化。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.90.8D.E7.A8.B1"><br>名称</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="20世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">20世纪</a>初<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德国</a>探险队在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" title="库车" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">库车</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>发现大批用当时尚无人知的文字书写的古本残卷带回<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97" title="柏林" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">柏林</a>。德国学者穆勒（F.W.K. Müller）根据一篇<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9B%9E%E9%B9%98%E6%96%87" title="回鹘文" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">回鹘文</a>佛经跋文中一段文字:「回纥文的《弥勒下生经》，先从<b>库车语</b>译为twγry语，又从twγry语译为突厥语」，认为twγry就是历史上的「Tokharoi」，因此统称为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗语</a>，操吐火罗语的人被称为吐火罗人。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>吐火罗</b>(Tochari)这个名称被认为源自古代<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" title="希腊" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">希腊</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%BF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="地理志（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">地理志</a>中的(θογαρα)。有的学者将吐火罗和「大夏」联系起来，另些学者则认为「月氏」实为吐火罗人的一个分支。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.B0.91.E6.97.8F"><br>民族</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg/180px-Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" width="180" height="226" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/File:Central_Asian_Buddhist_Monks.jpeg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>塔里木9世纪的壁画</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吐火罗人的由来和如何迁移到中亚地区，目前还没有定论，只略有线索。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吐火罗人原本居住于东欧，后类分裂成两部：<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="大月氏" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大月氏</a>和<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B0%8F%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="小月氏" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">小月氏</a>，大月氏西迁打败<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F" title="大夏" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大夏</a>(Kingdom of Bactria)，并建立<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%B2%B4%E9%9C%9C%E7%8E%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="贵霜王朝" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">贵霜王朝</a>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">自公元前3000年左右，吐火罗开始迁到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BB%91%E6%B5%B7" title="黑海" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">黑海</a>草原，由于他们很早就迁移出来，吐火罗人体质仍然带有原始印欧人的特征。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吐火罗中的小月氏在大约公元前二千年往东迁移，在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%9D%E7%BB%B8%E4%B9%8B%E8%B7%AF" title="丝绸之路" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">丝绸之路</a>开通前一千年到达了中亚。部分吐火罗人在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>定居下来，成为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>人及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>人并分别发展了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%89%E8%80%86%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="焉耆语（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆语</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="龟兹语（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹语</a>。出生在龟兹的高僧<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%B3%A9%E6%91%A9%E7%BE%85%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">鸠摩罗什</a>在所译《大智度论》「吐火罗」旁注释「小月氏」。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">其他分部分吐火罗人南路及北路继续往东方进发。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">北路的吐火罗人遇到了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%AA%81%E5%8E%A5" title="突厥" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">突厥</a>便停下来，亦曾经建立<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%A8%93%E8%98%AD" title="楼兰" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">楼兰</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%B0%8F%E5%AE%9B" title="小宛" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">小宛</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%94%E6%9C%AB" title="且末" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">且末</a>及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吐火罗国（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗国</a>。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BE%85%E5%9C%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吐火罗国（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">吐火罗国</a>最后被<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%9F" title="大食" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大食</a>所消灭。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">南路的吐火罗人在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E9%9B%85%E6%B2%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼雅河（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">尼雅河</a>两岸建立<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%B2%BE%E7%BB%9D" title="精绝" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">精绝</a>。在大月氏的统治下，曾建立贵霜皇朝取代原本统治的民族。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吐火罗人东迁的足迹触及东北亚地区。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">关于吐火罗人的起源、原住地等问题仍然是学术界争论中的课题。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.AA.9E.E8.A8.80"><br>语言</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/1890%E5%B9%B4" title="1890年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1890年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">英国</a>军官鲍威尔(Bower)在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BA%93%E8%BD%A6" title="库车" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">库车</a>从当地农民手中买到一些<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%A1%A6%E6%A0%91" title="桦树" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">桦树</a>皮写本，后经研究后发现为迄今最古的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/4%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="4世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">4世纪</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">梵文</a>写本，引起轰动。除梵文外，学者们很快从中区分出两种过去从来不为人知的古代语言，其中一种即现在所谓的「吐火罗语」。吐火罗语是一种印欧语，但不属于东方的satem语组（如梵文、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BF%84%E8%AF%AD" title="俄语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">俄语</a>等），而是属于类似<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%97%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="日尔曼" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">日尔曼</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">意大利语</a>的<b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400"><u>西方印欧语</u></font></span></b>kentum语组。有人说他们不同于其他印欧民族,可能是与<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%83%8F%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E8%AA%9E%E7%B3%BB" title="乌拉尔语系" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">乌拉尔语</a>民族接触有关。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.97"><br>文字</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">当<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99" title="佛教" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">佛教</a>由<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度</a>传入，他们开始接触<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">印度</a>各种文字，便使用其中一种<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A9%86%E7%BD%97%E7%B1%B3%E6%96%87" title="婆罗米文" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">婆罗米文</a>拼写自己的语言，成了吐火罗人文字。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E7.94.9F.E6.B4.BB.E7.BF.92.E6.85.A3"><br>生活习惯</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">根据历史文献，吐火罗人能歌善舞，善贾市争分铢，善骑马射箭，已有妓寮。下文是一些关于他们生活的描述：</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">「龟兹，……。横千里，纵六百里。土宜麻、麦、粳稻、蒲陶，出黄金。俗善歌乐，旁行书，贵浮图法。产子以木压首。俗断发齐顶，惟君不翦发。姓白氏。居伊逻庐城，北倚河羯田山，亦曰白山，常有火。王以锦冒顶，锦袍、宝带。岁朔，斗羊马橐它七日，观胜负以卜岁盈耗云。葱岭以东俗喜淫，龟兹、于阗置女肆，征其钱。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">「屈支国。东西千馀里。南北六百馀里。国大都城周十七八里。宜穈麦有粳稻出蒲萄石榴。多梨柰桃杏。土产黄金铜铁铅锡。气序和风俗质。文字取则印度。粗有改变。管弦伎乐特善诸国。服饰锦褐断发巾帽。货用金钱银钱小铜钱。……所以此国多出善马。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">「出铁门，至睹货逻国(旧曰吐火罗国讹也)。其地南北千余里，东西三千余里。东厄葱岭，西接波剌斯，南大雪山，北据铁门，缚刍大河中境西流。自数百年，王族绝嗣，酋豪力竞，各擅君长，依川据险，分为二十七国。虽画野区分，总役属突厥。气序既温，疾疫亦众。冬末春初，霖雨相继。故此境已南，滥波已北，其国风土，并多温疾。而诸僧徒以十二月十六日入安居，三月十五日解安居，斯乃据其多雨，亦是设教随时也。其俗则志性恇怯；容貌鄙陋，粗知信义，不甚欺诈。语言去就，稍异诸国。字源二十五言，转而相生，用之备物，书以横读，自左向右，文记渐多，逾广窣利。多衣[叠毛]，少服褐。货用金、银等钱，模样异于诸国。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.90.90.E7.81.AB.E7.BD.97.E5.92.8C.E6.9C.88.E6.B0.8F.E3.80.81.E5.A4.A7.E5.A4.8F.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"><br>吐火罗和月氏、大夏关系</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">研究吐火罗的学者大致分为两派：</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">主张吐火罗是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">月氏</a>的有<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%89%BE%E5%AF%86%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%85%8B" title="艾密尔·西克" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西克</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西格林（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西格林</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%97%E7%BB%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="列维（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">列维</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BC%AF%E5%B8%8C%E5%92%8C" title="伯希和" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">伯希和</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%95%E5%AE%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痕宁（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">痕宁</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%92%B2%E7%AB%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="蒲立本" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">蒲立本</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%88%E7%84%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奈然（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">奈然</a>、林梅村、张广达、黄盛璋等。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">主张吐火罗是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%8F" title="大夏" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">大夏</a>。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD%E7%BB%B4" title="王国维" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">王国维</a>主张大夏西迁为吐火罗说。主张大夏说的还有马迦特、王静如、余太山、王欣等。</li></ul><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E6.94.AF.E6.8C.81.E6.9C.88.E6.B0.8F.E8.AF.B4.E7.9A.84.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE.E6.A0.B9.E6.8D.AE"><br>支持月氏说的文献根据</span></h3><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">《三国志·魏志》引《西戎传》：「<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%95%A6%E7%85%8C" title="敦煌" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">敦煌</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">西域</a>至南山中从婼姜西至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%91%B1%E5%B2%AD" title="葱岭" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">葱岭</a>数千里有<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">月氏</a>遗种。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">出生在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%8D%97%E5%8C%97%E6%9C%9D" title="南北朝" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">南北朝</a>高僧<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%B8%A0%E6%91%A9%E7%BD%97%E4%BB%80" title="鸠摩罗什" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">鸠摩罗什</a>在所译《大智度论》中「吐火罗」旁注「小月氏」三字。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/431%E5%B9%B4" title="431年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">431年</a>翻译的《求那跋摩经》（Gunavarman）将<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" title="梵文" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">梵文</a>「吐火罗」译为<b>月氏</b>。</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">敦煌文件《西天路竟》：「又西一日至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%AB%98%E6%98%8C" title="高昌" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">高昌</a>国，又西行一千里至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%9C%88%E6%B0%8F" title="月氏" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">月氏</a>国，又西行一千里至<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9" title="龟兹" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">龟兹</a>国。」</li></ul><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">高昌、龟兹之间为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E7%84%89%E8%80%86" title="焉耆" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">焉耆</a>，即月氏。</p></div></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

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