使君子你對德國希總理有何睇法

小承發表於 2010-1-13 21:19:09

    講黎聽下

粵嚟粵掂 發表於 2010-1-13 21:44:55

<P>希生處理民族（種族）啲手法做得太過張揚兼礙眼。</P>
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<P>二戰嗰陣，俄國嘅史生同德國嘅希生對畀佢哋懷疑有逆反之心嘅異族人其實做緊同一樣嘢，不過出嚟效果就好唔同，希生張揚噉做，結果直到家下，歐盟政府對希生嘅理念仲係極之極之厭惡同排斥，可謂遺臭到而家。</P>
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<P>而史生陰陰哋噉做，國際輿論相對批斥較少，而佢當初想要達到嘅目的亦都基本達到咗（東歐平原一片俄人嘅海洋，以前居住喺俄國心臟地域嘅異族人全部趕且，去晒中亞同西伯利亞），高招。</P>

[ 本帖最後由粵嚟粵掂於 2010-1-13 21:46 編輯 ]

使君子 發表於 2010-1-13 22:53:47

<div><br></div>希生系「元首」，高级过「总理」~~<img src="http://bbs.cantonese.asia/images/smilies/default/titter.gif" smilieid="9" border="0"><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>查实真正有料到的，并非他本人，而是他手下的一大班人才。可惜希生一意孤行呢。</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>搞大屠杀绝对系错，赶走班「犹太种」就得，搞得太激得滞，国际会谴责。</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div>我最欣赏的人，希生唔会排第一。我同你讲，系俾斯麦 Otto Von Bismarck，最早统一德意志，并使得德意志跃升为文明强国的人。</div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-14 13:55:44

Bismarck Family

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">The <b>Bismarck family</b> is a German noble family descending from <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herebord_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Herebord von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Herebord von Bismarck</a>, the first verifiable holder of the name from the 13th century. A Prussian <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Junker" title="Junker" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Junker</a> family until 1871, their most notable member <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Otto von Bismarck</a>, gained the status of <i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrst_von_Bismarck" title="Fürst von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Fürst von Bismarck</a></i>. Two ships of the German Imperial Navy (<i><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserliche_Marine" title="Kaiserliche Marine" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Kaiserliche Marine</a></i>), as well as a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_battleship_Bismarck" title="German battleship Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">battleship</a> from the World War II-era, were named after Otto von Bismarck. Also named in his honour were the<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bismarck Sea</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bismarck Archipelago</a> (both near the former German colony of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">New Guinea</a>), as well as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bismarck,_North_Dakota" title="Bismarck, North Dakota" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bismarck, North Dakota</a> (a city in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">United States</a>).</p><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Friedrich Adolf Ludwig von Bismarck (1766 – 1830)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Ferdinand von Bismarck (1771 – 1845)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernhard_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernhard von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bernhard von Bismarck</a> (1810 – 1893)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Philipp von Bismarck (1844 - 1894)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Gottfried von Bismarck (1881 – 1928)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Klaus_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klaus von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Klaus von Bismarck</a> (1912 – 1997)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Philipp von Bismarck (1913 – 2006), former member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundestag</a></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Herbert Rudolf von Bismarck (1884 – 1955)</li></ul></li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(90, 54, 150); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Otto von Bismarck</a></b> (1815 – 1898), First <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany_(German_Reich)" title="Chancellor of Germany (German Reich)" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chancellor of Germany</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Marie von Bismarck</a> (1847 – 1926)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_von_Bismarck" title="Herbert von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Herbert von Bismarck</a> (1849 – 1904)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Gräfin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hannah_Leopoldine_Alice_von_Bismarck-Sch%C3%B6nhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hannah Leopoldine Alice von Bismarck-Schönhausen (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hannah Leopoldine Alice von Bismarck-Schönhausen</a> (1893 – 1971)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Gräfin <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Goedela_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goedela von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Goedela von Bismarck</a> (1896 – 1981) ∞ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_Graf_Keyserling" title="Hermann Graf Keyserling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Hermann Graf Keyserling</a> (1880 – 1946)<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold_Keyserling" title="Arnold Keyserling" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Arnold Keyserling</a> (1922 – 2005), renowned philosopher</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_Christian_Archibald,_F%C3%BCrst_von_Bismarck" title="Otto Christian Archibald, Fürst von Bismarck" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Otto Fürst von Bismarck</a> (1897 – 1975), former member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundestag</a><ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_von_Bismarck" title="Ferdinand von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Ferdinand Fürst von Bismarck</a> (1930 – )<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-Eduard_von_Bismarck" title="Carl-Eduard von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Carl-Eduard Graf von Bismarck</a> (1961 – ), former member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bundestag" title="Bundestag" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Bundestag</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_von_Bismarck" title="Gottfried von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gottfried A. Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen</a> (1962 – 2007)</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Gregor Graf von Bismarck-Schoenhausen (1964 – )</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Vanessa Gräfin von Bismarck-Schoenhausen (1971 – )</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Maximilian Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1947 – )<ul style="line-height: 1.5em; list-style-type: square; margin-top: 0.3em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1.5em; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; list-style-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/bullet.gif); "><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Konstantin Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1987 – )</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Alexander Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen (1989 – )</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gunilla_Gr%C3%A4fin_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gunilla Gräfin von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gunilla Gräfin von Bismarck</a> (1949 – )</li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Leopold von Bismarck-Schoenhausen (1951 – )</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried_Graf_von_Bismarck-Sch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Gottfried Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen</a> (1901 – 1949), member of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reichstag_(institution)" title="Reichstag (institution)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Reichstag</a></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Graf <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Albrecht_von_Bismarck-Sch%C3%B6nhausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albrecht von Bismarck-Schönhausen (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Albrecht von Bismarck-Schönhausen</a> (1903 – 1970)</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_von_Bismarck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm von Bismarck (page does not exist)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm von Bismarck</a> (1852 – 1901)</li></ul></li><li style="margin-bottom: 0.1em; ">Malwine von Bismarck (1827 – 1908)</li></ul></li></ul></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-14 13:58:27

Otto Von Bismarck

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><b>Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck</b> (1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898) was a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian" title="Prussian" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Prussian</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statesman" title="Statesman" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">statesman</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">aristocrat</a>of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/19th_century" title="19th century" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">19th century</a>. As <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><i>Ministerpräsident</i></a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Prussia</a> from 1862–1890, he oversaw the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">unification of Germany</a>. In 1867 he became <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor" title="Chancellor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chancellor</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">North German Confederation</a>. When the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German Empire</a> was formed in 1871, he served as its first <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chancellor</a> until 1890 and practised <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realpolitik" title="Realpolitik" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Realpolitik</a>, which gained him the nickname "The Iron Chancellor". As Chancellor, Bismarck held an important role in the German government and greatly influenced German and international politics both during and after his time of service.</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><table class="infobox vcard" style="font-size: 12px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-right-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-left-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); margin-top: 0.5em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 1em; padding-top: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; padding-bottom: 0.2em; padding-left: 0.2em; clear: right; width: 22em; text-align: left; "><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="fn" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; "><span class="fn">Otto von Bismarck</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057,_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" class="image" title="Otto von Bismarck" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg/245px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-2005-0057%2C_Otto_von_Bismarck.jpg" width="245" height="364" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "></a><br></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13px; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1st <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Chancellor of the German Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: center; "><b>In office</b><br>21 March 1871 – 20 March 1890</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Monarch</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm I of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm I</a> (1871–1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frederick III</a> (1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm II of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm II</a> (1888–1890)</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Preceded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">First Chancellor</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Succeeded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leo von Caprivi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13px; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">9th <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: center; "><b>In office</b><br>23 September 1862 – 1 January 1873</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Monarch</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm I of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm I</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Preceded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolf_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" title="Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Adolf of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Succeeded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Albrecht von Roon</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13px; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">11th <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_President_of_Prussia" title="Minister President of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Minister President of the Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: center; "><b>In office</b><br>9 November 1873 – 20 March 1890</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Monarch</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm I of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm I</a> (1873–1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frederick III</a> (1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm II of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm II</a> (1888–1890)</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Preceded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Roon" title="Albrecht von Roon" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Albrecht von Roon</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Succeeded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leo von Caprivi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13px; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chancellor_of_Germany" title="Chancellor of Germany" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Federal Chancellor of the North German Confederation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: center; "><b>In office</b><br>1867 – 1871</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">President</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm I of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm I</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Preceded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">Confederation established</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Succeeded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">German Empire</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; text-align: center; font-size: 13px; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "><div style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: rgb(230, 230, 250); background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">23rd <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Minister_of_Prussia" title="Foreign Minister of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Foreign Minister of the Kingdom of Prussia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-color: initial; text-align: center; "><b>In office</b><br>1862 – 1890</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Monarch</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_I_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm I of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm I</a> (1862–1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_III,_German_Emperor" title="Frederick III, German Emperor" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Frederick III</a> (1888)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_II_of_Germany" title="Wilhelm II of Germany" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Wilhelm II</a> (1888–1890)</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Preceded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albrecht_von_Bernstorff" title="Albrecht von Bernstorff" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Albrecht von Bernstorff</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Succeeded by</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_von_Caprivi" title="Leo von Caprivi" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Leo von Caprivi</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="vertical-align: top; "><hr style="height: 1px; color: rgb(170, 170, 170); background-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.2em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.2em; margin-left: 0px; "></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Born</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">1 April 1815<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nhausen" title="Schönhausen" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Schönhausen</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Prussia</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Died</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">30 July 1898 (aged 83)<br><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrichsruh" title="Friedrichsruh" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Friedrichsruh</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">German Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Political party</th><td style="vertical-align: top; ">None</td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Spouse(s)</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johanna_von_Puttkamer" title="Johanna von Puttkamer" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Johanna von Puttkamer</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Religion</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">Lutheranism</a></td></tr><tr><th style="vertical-align: top; ">Signature</th><td style="vertical-align: top; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg" class="image" title="Otto von Bismarck's signature" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg/128px-Otto_vonBismarck_Signature.svg.png" width="128" height="46" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; "></a></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><div class="thumb tleft" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; float: left; clear: left; margin-right: 1.4em; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismarck11Jahre.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Bismarck11Jahre.jpg/180px-Bismarck11Jahre.jpg" width="180" height="233" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 12px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismarck11Jahre.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>Bismarck at age eleven.</div></div></div><div class="thumb tleft" style="margin-bottom: 0.8em; border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; width: auto; float: left; clear: left; margin-right: 1.4em; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; margin-top: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; background-color: white; "><div class="thumbinner" style="min-width: 100px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 12px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismarck1836.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bismarck1836.jpg/180px-Bismarck1836.jpg" width="180" height="237" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 12px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bismarck1836.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>Otto von Bismarck as a young man in 1836</div><div><br></div></div></div></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-14 14:25:25

<br><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><b>Otto von Bismarck</b>，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1815%E5%B9%B4" title="1815年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1815年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/4%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5" title="4月1日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">4月1日</a>－<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1898%E5%B9%B4" title="1898年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1898年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/7%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5" title="7月30日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">7月30日</a>，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%8B%9E%E6%81%A9%E5%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="劳恩堡（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">劳恩堡</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5" title="公爵" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">公爵</a>，<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="普鲁士王国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">普鲁士王国</a>首相（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1862%E5%B9%B4" title="1862年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1862年</a>—<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1890%E5%B9%B4" title="1890年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1890年</a>），<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9B%BD" title="德意志帝国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德意志帝国</a>第一任<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">宰相（总理）</a>，人称「<b>铁血宰相</b>」（<span lang="de" xml:lang="de">Eiserner Kanzler</span>）、「德意志的建筑师」及「德意志的领航员」。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">俾斯麦是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="19世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">19世纪</a>最卓越的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">政治家</a>之一，他任普鲁士首相期间，通过一系列成功的战争，统一了德意志，并成为德意志帝国第一任<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD%E6%80%BB%E7%90%86" title="德国总理" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">总理</a>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">作为一名强硬派，俾斯麦镇压了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="19世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">19世纪</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1880%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="1880年代" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">80年代</a>的反对派<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会民主运动（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">民主运动</a>，但他通过立法建立了<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">世界上最早的工人养老金、健康和医疗保险制度，及</font></b><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E4%BF%9D%E9%99%A9" title="社会保险" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; "><b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">社会保险</font></b></a><b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">，完善了全国适龄儿童强制入学的义务教育法</font></b>。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">俾斯麦于<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1815%E5%B9%B4" title="1815年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1815年</a>4月1日在普鲁士的一个名为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%88%88%E5%A5%A7%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="兴奥森（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">兴奥森</a>的小镇（今<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE-%E5%AE%89%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E5%B7%9E" title="萨克森-安哈尔特州" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">萨克森-安哈特州</a>）出生。其家族为传统<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%AE%B9%E5%85%8B" title="容克" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">容克</a>，拥有很多土地及<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="庄园" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">庄园</a>。俾斯麦父亲，斐迪南·冯·俾斯麦（Ferdinand von Bismarck）是一位地主和退休军官，终日与友人<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%89%93%E7%8D%B5" title="打猎" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">打猎</a>，并以35岁之龄娶了17岁的妻子，即俾斯麦的母亲。俾斯麦的母亲与其父亲的出生背景大为不同，自小生活在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%B3%87%E7%94%A2%E9%9A%8E%E7%B4%9A" title="资产阶级" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">资产阶级</a>的家庭，并且长居市区，因而有着较为开放、先进的思想，而不像其父般保守、迂腐。俾斯麦有一个比他年长5岁的哥哥及一个妹妹。俾斯麦父亲希望他能成为出色的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%BB%8D%E4%BA%BA" title="军人" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">军人</a>，为国尽忠。但是其母则希望他成为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%AE%B6" title="政治家" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">政治家</a>，在政界大显光芒，虽然其双亲的期望大为不同，但最后俾斯麦竟然可以同时达成。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">俾斯麦8岁时，被送往柏林小学读书。由于同学大多生长在资产阶级的家庭，因此大多排挤他这样一个容克之子，令他的童年承受着极大的痛苦与压力。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在他12岁时，他进入了中学，但仍然受到同学排挤。但他并不感到灰心，反而勤奋向上，学会<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">英语</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" title="法语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">法语</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" title="俄语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">俄语</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B3%A2%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="波兰语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">波兰语</a>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" title="荷兰语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">荷兰语</a>，使其成为一个多语言的天才，并为其日后的外交官生涯打下基础。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">俾斯麦未满17岁时，便入读了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%93%A5%E5%BB%B7%E6%A0%B9%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="哥廷根大学" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">哥廷根大学</a>。然而，俾斯麦并不满意大学的生活。在其就读大学期间，他经常腰间佩剑，并牵着一只大狼狗，无心向学，并染上很多恶习，曾与同学作过27次决斗。后来虽转到<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%9F%8F%E6%9E%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="柏林大学" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">柏林大学</a>入读<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B" title="法律" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">法律</a>系，但仍然没有满意。虽然毕业后成为了律师，但他并不甘于此，于是投考政府的官职，当上了一个小<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%9B%B8%E8%A8%98%E5%93%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="书记员（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">书记员</a>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在此时他结识了一位贵族女子，并结下婚约，可是他没钱，想以赌博赚钱却反而输掉所有金钱，并欠下很多债务。因此这次婚约取消了。其后他结识了一位牧师的女儿，再订婚约，可惜，那位女子亦跟一位富有的军人走了。结果俾斯麦只有带着欠债，回到家乡。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">回到家乡后，他与其哥哥分家，当上了庄园主人，可是他并不满意这种生活，所以很快便再次进入政坛。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E8.AD.B0.E5.93.A1.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF">议员生涯</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">这次步入政坛，使俾斯麦一生命运改变。他首先当上了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%B3%E5%A0%A4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="河堤（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">河堤</a>监督官，这份差事很适合俾斯麦争强好胜的性格，因此他当得很称职，很快便树立了正面的形像。他借此机会参加议会<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E9%81%B8%E8%88%89" title="选举" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">选举</a>。虽然只当选为候补议员，但他却<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">成功以手段逼使一位议员以患病理由退出，结果他成功当选为柏林州的正式议员。</font></b>这年是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1847%E5%B9%B4" title="1847年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1847年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/5%E6%9C%88" title="5月" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">5月</a>，俾斯麦当时只有33岁。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">同年，他与一位名叫乔安娜的女子订下婚约，并于该年完婚。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">就在次年，著名的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1848%E5%B9%B4%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="1848年革命" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1848年革命</a>爆发，普鲁士皇帝被俘。俾斯麦决定亲赴柏林，打探虚实。途中，他遇上了<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">威廉亲王</a>的妻子，要求他协助其夫称皇，但俾斯麦拒绝了这个请求。后来<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%9B%9B%E4%B8%96" title="腓特烈·威廉四世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">腓特烈·威廉四世</a>成功镇压了这场革命。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E5.A4.96.E4.BA.A4.E5.AE.98.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF">外交官生涯</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1851%E5%B9%B4" title="1851年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1851年</a>，俾斯麦出驻法兰克福邦联会议之普鲁士代表，并于不久后升为大使，而这份差事他足足当了8年。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1857%E5%B9%B4" title="1857年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1857年</a>，腓特烈·威廉四世精神失常，因此由其弟<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">威廉亲王</a>摄政，威廉亲王摄政后，即时召见俾斯麦，并任命他为驻俄大使。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1861%E5%B9%B4" title="1861年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1861年</a>威廉亲王登基，是为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉一世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">威廉一世</a>，但他随即在扩充军备方面，与议会发生冲突。无奈之下，只有任命俾斯麦为内相，但俾斯麦并不甘于只当内相，故此并不履行。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1862%E5%B9%B4" title="1862年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1862年</a>春，俾斯麦回到柏林，普王因为内部的压力，并不能升他为首相。结果俾斯麦请辞，并被改派为驻法大使。同年，在普鲁士议会新一轮选举中自由派获得了绝对胜利，并马上否决了普鲁士政府的对军事改革的全部拨款，政府和议会陷入了僵局。在重大矛盾之下，俾斯麦成为首相的唯一可能人选。<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1862%E5%B9%B4" title="1862年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1862年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/9%E6%9C%8823%E6%97%A5" title="9月23日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">9月23日</a>，威廉一世召回俾斯麦，并任命其为首相兼外交大臣。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.A6.96.E7.9B.B8.E7.94.9F.E6.B6.AF">首相生涯</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">成为首相的俾斯麦在9月26日的下院首次演讲中坚定的对议会说道「<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">当代的重大问题，不是通过漫长而无结果的多数派决议所能解决的</font></b>……而是要用铁和血来解决！」从此俾斯麦被冠上了「铁血首相」的绰号。随后国王对俾斯麦说：「我很清楚结局，他们会在歌剧广场我的窗前砍下你的头，过些时候再砍下朕的头。」而俾斯麦则回应道：「既然迟早要死，为何死得不体面一些？……无论是死在绞架上抑或死在战场上，这之间是没有区别的……必须抗争到底！」从此，国王和他的首相间形成了十分特别的牢固关系。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在俾斯麦就任首相后，并未能解决与议会的冲突，为此，他便以德意志统一的大业来转移议员的视线，并<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">争取下层工人阶级的支持来抗衡上层资产阶级民主派</font></b>。很快地，他便开始筹划三场统一战争。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">法兰西帝国暗中操控著南部的各个邦国，阻碍德意志统一。因此，俾斯麦以西班牙王位继承问题制造争端，逼使法兰西皇帝<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E4%BB%91%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96" title="拿破仑三世" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">拿破仑三世</a>对普宣战，而普鲁士则借此团结德意志民族，对<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" title="法国" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">法兰西</a>大开杀戒。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">普鲁士很快便击退了入侵的法军，并向法国作出反攻，在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E8%96%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%83%E6%88%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔萨斯会战（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">阿尔萨斯会战</a>中，普军大破法军，拿破仑三世投降。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">最后，普鲁士国王威廉一世在法兰西首都巴黎的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%87%A1%E7%88%BE%E8%B3%BD%E5%AE%AE" title="凡尔赛宫" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">凡尔赛宫</a>中登基，宣布<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E5%B8%9D%E5%9C%8B" title="德意志帝国" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德意志帝国</a>成立，并从法国获得50亿<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%B3%95%E9%83%8E" title="法郎" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">法郎</a>的「战争赔款」。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.80.80.E5.87.BA.E6.94.BF.E5.A3.87">退出政坛</span></h2><div class="thumb tright" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; clear: right; float: right; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 1.4em; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 182px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/File:Bismarck80Jahre.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Bismarck80Jahre.jpg/180px-Bismarck80Jahre.jpg" width="180" height="257" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/File:Bismarck80Jahre.jpg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>八十寿辰时的俾斯麦 (<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1895%E5%B9%B4" title="1895年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1895年</a> <a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/4%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5" title="4月1日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">4月1日</a>)</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1888%E5%B9%B4" title="1888年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1888年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/3%E6%9C%889%E6%97%A5" title="3月9日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">3月9日</a>，威廉一世逝世，其子<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="腓特烈三世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">腓特烈·威廉</a>继位，称为<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%85%93%E7%89%B9%E7%83%88%E4%B8%89%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="腓特烈三世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">腓特烈三世</a>。但在即位99日后随即病故。结果其子<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E4%BA%8C%E4%B8%96_(%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD)" title="威廉二世 (德国)" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">威廉二世</a>继位，时年29岁。这位年少气盛的少年皇帝不甘受制于俾斯麦，因此与俾斯麦在很多问题上出现分歧。而当时俾斯麦已达73岁高龄，更执政了长达26年。结果俾斯麦逐渐明白了<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">「长江后浪推前浪」的道理</font></b>，在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1890%E5%B9%B4" title="1890年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1890年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/3%E6%9C%8818%E6%97%A5" title="3月18日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">3月18日</a>向威廉二世呈辞，正式下野。</p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline" id=".E9.80.9D.E4.B8.96"><br>逝世</span></h2><div class="thumb tleft" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: white; border-right-color: white; border-bottom-color: white; border-left-color: white; width: auto; float: left; clear: left; margin-right: 0.5em; border-top-width: 0.5em; border-right-width: 1.4em; border-bottom-width: 0.8em; border-left-width: 0px; "><div class="thumbinner" style="border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); font-size: 14px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; width: 282px; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/File:BismarckTotenbett.jpg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; "><img alt="" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/BismarckTotenbett.jpg/280px-BismarckTotenbett.jpg" width="280" height="196" class="thumbimage" style="border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-right-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-left-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); "></a><div class="thumbcaption" style="border-top-style: none; border-right-style: none; border-bottom-style: none; border-left-style: none; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; text-align: left; line-height: 1.4em; padding-top: 3px !important; padding-right: 3px !important; padding-bottom: 3px !important; padding-left: 3px !important; font-size: 14px; "><div class="magnify" style="float: right; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; font-size: 13px; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/File:BismarckTotenbett.jpg" class="internal" title="放大" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: initial !important; display: block; border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "><img src="http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" width="15" height="11" alt="" style="border-top-style: none !important; border-right-style: none !important; border-bottom-style: none !important; border-left-style: none !important; border-width: initial; border-color: initial; vertical-align: middle; display: block; border-width: initial !important; border-color: initial !important; background-image: none !important; background-attachment: initial !important; background-origin: initial !important; background-clip: initial !important; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); background-position: initial initial !important; background-repeat: initial initial !important; "></a></div>俾斯麦于床上去世</div></div></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">俾斯麦下野之后，长居于<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E6%BC%A2%E5%A0%A1" title="汉堡" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">汉堡</a>附近的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E6%96%AF%E9%AD%AF%E8%8E%8A%E5%9C%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗里德里希斯鲁庄园（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">弗里德里希斯鲁庄园</a>，并著有<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E5%9B%9E%E5%BF%86%E5%BD%95" title="回忆录" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">回忆录</a>《思考与回忆》。最后在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/1898%E5%B9%B4" title="1898年" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">1898年</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/7%E6%9C%8830%E6%97%A5" title="7月30日" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">7月30日</a>，这位名震天下的铁血宰相俾斯麦<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">悄然离世，享年83岁。</font></b></p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-15 13:01:46

Realpolitik / 黑白猫论实用至上

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "><b>现实政治</b>（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" title="德语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德</a>文 <span lang="de" xml:lang="de"><b>Realpolitik</b></span>）源自十九世纪德意志，由<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普鲁士" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">普鲁士</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%AE%B0%E7%9B%B8" title="铁血宰相" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">铁血宰相</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" title="奥托·冯·俾斯麦" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">奥托·冯·俾斯麦</a>所提出，当代英文相关讨论沿用德文之Realpolitik。</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">Realpolitik 现实政治主张，当政者应以<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="国家利益" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">国家利益</a>做为从事内政外交的最高考量，而<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">不应该受到当政者的感情、道德伦理观、理想</font></b>、<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%98%E5%BD%A2%E6%85%8B" title="意识形态" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">意识形态</a>的左右。所有的<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#008000">一切都应为国家现实利益服务</font></b>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">现实政治从十九世纪后期的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%BF%BE%E6%96%AF%E9%BA%A5" title="俾斯麦" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">俾斯麦</a>到二十世纪的美国<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AD%A3%E8%BE%9B%E5%90%89" title="季辛吉" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">季辛吉</a>，虽都以<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%A9%E7%9B%8A" title="国家利益" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">国家利益</a>至上为最高判准，但于国际外交及手段的历史脉络上有显著的不同。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">十九世纪后期的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%99%AE%E9%AD%AF%E5%A3%AB" title="普鲁士" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">普鲁士</a>德意志，，主张<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">战争为合理维护国家利益的手段，无需为出师找道德的名号</font></b>，因此在此思想的指导下，有<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E7%B5%B1%E4%B8%80%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德意志统一战争（尚未撰写）" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(204, 34, 0); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">德意志统一战争</a>。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">二十世纪的美国<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%AD%A3%E8%BE%9B%E5%90%89" title="季辛吉" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">季辛吉</a>，则宣称单纯以美国国家利益做考量，企图在冷战意识形态的对立格局，主张与苏联<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detente" class="extiw" title="en<img src=" .="" images="" smilies="" default="" biggrin.gif"="" border="0" smilieid="3" alt=":D">低荡</a>和天朝修好，使美军得以谈判撤出越南。此时所谓的Realpolitik现实政治主张则以力量的<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E5%9D%87%E5%8B%A2" title="均势" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">均衡</a>（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" title="英语" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">英文</a>：<span lang="en" xml:lang="en"><b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balance_of_power_in_international_relations" class="external text" rel="nofollow" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(51, 102, 187); background-image: url(http://bits.wikimedia.org/skins-1.5/monobook/external.png); background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 13px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat no-repeat; ">Balance of Power</a></b></span>）为行动指南。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "><b>白黑猫论</b>是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="Dang Siu-Ping" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">邓大人</a>在<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="20世纪" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">20世纪</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/60%E5%B9%B4%E4%BB%A3" title="60年代" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">60年代</a>提出来的。该理论源自<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%93%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B3" title="Dang Siu-Ping" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">邓大人</a>的一句话：「<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">不管黑猫白猫，能捉老鼠的就是好猫。</font></b>」</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-15 13:09:47

马基雅维利

<br><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 22px; "><b>《君主论》</b>（<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E8%AF%AD" title="意大利语" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">意大利语</a>：<span lang="it" xml:lang="it"><i><b>Il Principe</b></i></span>）是<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">意大利</a><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">文艺复兴</a>时期作家<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E9%A9%AC%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%B4%E5%88%A9" title="马基亚维利" class="mw-redirect" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">马基亚维利</a>的政治论著，对后世影响很大，所谓「马基亚维利主义」正由此书衍生出来。</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">马基雅维里是统一集权国家的坚决倡导者。他认为，由于教皇和教会的存在、各城邦国家的彼此嫉妒和相互蔑视，使意大利丧失了中世纪时期在商业和贸易方面的领先地位，而且因没有形成统一的国家而倍受西班牙、法国和德国的蹂躏。资本主义经济的发展，急切需要趋向稳定统一秩序的政治变革。马基亚维利主张建立统一<a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E9%9B%86%E6%9D%83" title="中央集权" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; background-repeat: initial initial; ">集权</a>的国家，结束意大利的分立状态。<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">为了国家统一，马基亚维利认为不应该受任何道德准则的束缚，不择手段去实现目的。</font></b></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">「因为关于人类，一般地可以这样说：他们是忘恩负义的、容易变心的，是伪装者、冒牌货，是逃避危难、追逐利益的。」（第80页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">对于一个君主来讲，不仅不必具备各种美德，而且还要保留那些不会使自己亡国的恶行。在慷慨与吝啬方面，「明智之士宁愿承受吝啬之名，因为它虽然带来丑名但是不引起憎慨，追求慷慨之誉，则必然招致贪婪之名，而贪婪之名则使丑名与憎慨俱来。」（第78页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">「在我们的时代里，我们看见只有那些曾经被称为吝啬的人们才做出了伟大的事业，至于别的人全都失败了。」（第77页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在残酷和仁慈方面，君主对于残酷这个恶名不必介意，所应重视的倒是不要滥用仁慈，因为仁慈会带来灭顶之灾，「被人畏惧比受人爱戴是安全得多的」。（第80页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">但君主要掌握好使用残暴手段的限度和范围，即损害行为要一下子干完，对臣民的财产和他们的妻女不要染指。在守信和天信方面，君主应当效法狐狸与狮子。「由于狮子不能够防止自己落入陷阱，而狐狸则不能够抵御豺狼。因此，君主必须是一头狐狸以便认识陷阱，同时又必须是一头狮子，以便使豺狼惊骇。」（第83-84页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">当遵守信义对自己不利或原来使自己作出诺言的理由不复存在时，一位英明的君主绝不能够、也不应当遵守信义。但<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">君主又必须深知怎样掩饰这种兽性，并须做一个伟大的伪装者和假好人，要显得具备一切优良品质。</font></b>「因为群氓总是被外表和事物的结果所吸引，面这个世界里尽是群氓。」（第86页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">在书中，马基雅维里还提出君主必须学会避免那些可能使自己受到憎恨或轻视的事情。君主必须像提防暗礁一样提防被人认为变幻无常、轻率浅薄、软弱怯懦、优柔寡断，他应该努力在行动中表现伟大、英勇、严肃庄重、坚忍不拔，使人们对自己抱有「谁都不要指望欺骗他或者瞒过他」的见解，这样才能对抗一切阴谋，坐稳江山。（第87—88页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">同时，君主为避免自己因袒护人民而受到贵族非难、因袒护贵族面受到人民的非议，就应设立作为第三者的裁判机关（议会），而用不着国王担负责任。「对于国王和王国来说，世界上再没有比这个制度更好、更审慎，再没有比这个方法更安全的了。」（第91页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">君主务必把担带责任的事情委诸他人办理，而把布惠施恩的事情由自己掌管。一位君主必须依靠他的行动去赢得伟大人物与才智非凡的声誉。当一位君主公开表示自己毫无保留地赞助某一方或反对另一方，他也会受到尊重，采取这种态度明确的办法总是比保持中立更有用处。（第 107页）</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">另外，<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">一位君主必须表明自己是一个珍爱才能的人</font></b>，起用有才艺的人们，对于各个行业中杰出的人物给予荣誉，激励公民在职业上能安心地从事其职务，给人民以欢乐。君主对待臣下一方面要使他感恩戴德、分享荣誉、分担职责，另一方面要避开诌媚者。总之，君主不应相信命运，要使自己的做法符合时代的特性，完成「<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">将意大利从蛮族手中解放出来</font></b>」的伟业。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">　　在马基雅维里的著作中，《君主论》是最小的一本，但是最有名。此书在作者死后5年即1532年印行，迄今450多年了，从西方到东方，在宗教界、政界、学术领域和社会上广泛地引起各种强烈的反响，在20世纪80年代又被列为最有影响和最畅销的世界十大名著之一。</p></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-16 16:21:33

<div><br></div>原帖 於 2010-1-15 13:09 發表 <a href="http://bbs.cantonese.asia/redirect.php?goto=findpost&pid=168829&ptid=20506" target="_blank"><img src="http://bbs.cantonese.asia/images/common/back.gif" border="0" onclick="zoom(this)" onload="attachimg(this, 'load')" alt=""></a> <span class="Apple-style-span" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family: sans-serif; line-height: 22px; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF" style="word-wrap: break-word; line-height: normal; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">将意大利从蛮族手中解放出来</span></font></b></span> <div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">将我粤（越）从孬族手中解放出来，如何？</span></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-16 17:17:34

Links, Zwo, Drei, Vier

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div>Links, Zwo, Drei, Vier （左，二，三，四）是德军的步操口令。Rammstein最能体现<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#8B0000">集体主义</font></b>精神的作品，莫过于《Links, Zwo, Drei, Vier》。</span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">MV拍得绝佳。群居的蚂蚁们，初头一盆散沙，乱哄哄，被三只无比巨大的甲虫看到了，趁机进犯它们的巢穴，蚂蚁们死伤无数。后来有一只自愿充当领袖的蚂蚁，冒死爬上高台，号召蚂蚁们团结起来。于是蚂蚁们踏着军步，变换着不同的队列阵式，一涌而上，消灭了三只大甲虫。它们围着甲虫的尸体，用队列阵式排出了本族的<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#8B0000">图腾</font></b>。在MV结尾，电结它凄厉嘶鸣的延音中，镜头转移到了蚁群附近一具人类死尸（比甲虫还要巨大得多）的手部，强烈地暗示了<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#8B0000">集体主义具有无穷无尽的力量</font></b>这一主旨。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><object width="420" height="363"><param name="movie" value="http://www.tudou.com/v/fAeVw_7EcHU"><param name="allowFullScreen" value="true"><param name="allowscriptaccess" value="always"><param name="wmode" value="opaque"><embed src="http://www.tudou.com/v/fAeVw_7EcHU" type="application/x-shockwave-flash" allowscriptaccess="always" allowfullscreen="true" wmode="opaque" width="420" height="363"></object><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div>

使君子 發表於 2010-1-16 18:09:24

<div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400"><b>如何用少而精的集体主义（狼群），去击破大而乱的羊群？这里面大有学问：</b></font></span><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"></span><a href="http://bbs.cantonese.asia/viewthread.php?tid=20549">http://bbs.cantonese.asia/viewthread.php?tid=20549</a></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>

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