不同的道路：越南政改再突破
<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: Simsun; line-height: 23px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: Simsun; color: rgb(0, 51, 102); line-height: 23px; "><div class="allinpage_tit" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 17px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-weight: bold; font-size: 26px; color: rgb(0, 51, 102); line-height: 25px; font-family: 宋体; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; "><span class="inpage_tit " style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><div id="ScDetailTitle" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">不同的道路：越南政改再突破</div></span></div><div class="allpublic" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 5px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 5px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; border-top-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-top-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(204, 204, 204); border-bottom-style: solid; text-align: center; ">2009-12-10 10:19 南方周末 <span id="ScCommentBoxTopMsg" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">网友评论 <a href="http://www.rauz.net.cn/bbs/%3Ci%3Ejavascript%3C/i%3E:ScCommentBoxObj.More();" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; color: rgb(0, 51, 102); text-decoration: none; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 14px; ">点击查看</a></span></div><div class="alltxt" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-size: 14px; width: 628px; color: rgb(0, 0, 0); line-height: 23px; text-decoration: none; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> <font face="幼圆" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">「今年越共的十届全会,原计划提出『公民社会』。不过最后因为担心敏感,暂时搁置了。」但越共已基本肯定「公民社会」的方向。</font></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" face="幼圆" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></font></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-family: 幼圆; "><font face="幼圆" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 10月下旬,天朝社科院主办了一届论坛,两国学者对两国意识形态领域的重要问题进行交流。策划者将其称为「天朝模式」与「越南模式」的碰撞。2008年以来,越共开始从地方尝试党政职务一把手由一人兼任,目前已经进行到部级单位。</font></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; font-family: 幼圆; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> □本报记者沈亮发自北京</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 天朝的「好学生」越南,正走着一条和天朝不相同的革新路径,而路径的差异还将进一步扩大。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 此间专家说,越共中央的理论智囊们,正在为2011年的越共「十一大」做理论准备。越共高层认为,当下使用的「1991年纲领」已制约了越南的改革现实,亟需被补充和完善。「越共『十一大』会有标志性意义。今后越南的政治体制改革将与天朝的差别越来越明显。」天朝社科院国外意识形态研究室主任潘金娥说。作为社科院唯一专门研究越南问题的学者,她曾在去年和今年各访越三次,与越共中央的理论智囊有过深入的交流。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 修改「1991年纲领」的一个重要原因是,越南对「过渡时期」的判断将要变化。「越南理论家透露:『过渡时期』在纲领的题目中要去掉,这是因为，越南目前已经不再是『无产阶级专政』时期。」潘金娥介绍说。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 在越共此前的「十大」报告中,已用「民族团结是社会发展前进的动力」,取代了此前的「阶级斗争是社会前进的动力」的表述。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 当然,越共依然延续1991年纲领的基本精神:坚持党的领导。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> <strong style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">推「公民社会」</strong></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 现在,「公民社会」的概念,正被越共的理论界热烈讨论,计划在国家与市场「两只手」之外,再加入社会的力量。「这将是一个新突破。在今年越共的十届全会上,原本已有提出『公民社会』的打算。不过最后因为担心敏感,暂时搁置了。」潘金娥说,但越共已能基本肯定「公民社会」的方向。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 从三四年前开始,越共中央理论委员会的专家们就已在讨论这一问题。这个委员会由来自总理顾问小组成员、宣传部、越南社科院、越共中央等越南权威机构的三十多位理论专家组成,是越共的「智囊团」。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 今年10月份,建设「公民社会」的方案已经基本得到理论界的认同,并将按此操作。一个针对于此的国家级的课题也已撰写完毕,只是尚未对外公开。一般来说,建设「公民社会」被认为是政治体制改革的重要步骤,以期提高公民和社会组织说话的分量,提高公民、社会对政府监督和质询的能力。「越共认为,更加公开、民主的社会,对越共本身也是有利的。」潘金娥说。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 自越南革新之后,政府对社会团体的审批，一直比较宽松。潘金娥曾向越共的一位高层人士提问说:是否会有失控的担心?「『我们也在一边做一边看。现在看来并不会失控。』对方说。」她说,那位高层人士还举例认为:越南在「九大」、「十大」时,曾将党的政治报告散发给全民讨论,并且推行国会代表的全国直选,不仅没有对政治秩序造成影响,反而受到国内外的好评。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> <strong style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">反「和平演变」</strong></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 在论坛上,来自越南社科院哲学所的阮玉河认为:与越南革新前比,党的领导方式发生了很多积极的变化。比如,以前国会主要是按照国家法律程序把党的文件规范化,现在的许多问题,政治局并不事先决定,而是提出方向,让国会来决定。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 与天朝的「法治国家」有所不同,越南提出「法权国家」。「他们认为法律是至上的,政府总理签署的文件都要交国会讨论和表决,国会有时也会对文件提出修改意见。」潘金娥说。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 不过,越共亦对「和平演变」相当警惕,这也明示了其对坚持党执政的信念。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 今年8月,越南的《军队报》（《人民报》之外的第二大官方报纸），曾发表大系列文章:挫败「和平演变」的阴谋。越共理论家的判断是,当前,「和平演变」的攻势没有减弱,而是更加强烈了。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 例如,曾于上世纪80年代宣布解散的越南民主党,已重新在海外组党,国内也有要求开放党禁的声音。「越共看来,民主党主张的自由、民主都是对的,这和越共的主张没有冲突,问题在于他们想利用这个幌子,达到他们的掌权目的，而不是真正地为了越南人民的自由和民主。」潘金娥说。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 在越南,越共领袖胡志明的遗体也被保存下来,供民众瞻仰。胡志明的主席陵由前苏联专家设计,建筑风格是欧洲现代建筑与越南民族传统的结合。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 每天都有大量瞻仰者在巴亭广场等待的队伍中挪动前行。胡志明思想是构建越共理论的基石。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 基于对国内外形势的判断,越共提出的应对方式之一是,加强党自身的建设,也一直关注着天朝的党建工作。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 越共「十一大」还将修改党章,「新的纲领可能会对讨论多年的党员经商问题给出明确答案,其他具体内容尚不明确。但今后越共依旧会强调:越共是全民的党。」潘金娥判断说。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> <strong style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; ">不同的道路</strong></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></b></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 虽然两国启动改革的时间有先后之别,但实质内容却有相似之处。比如,选择了重点突破与稳步推进的渐进发展模式、逐渐改变原来的经济体制等。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 在越南,「十一大」的代表、党委委员选举要在全国各省市的20%的地区推行直选,并且实行比例不少于15%的差额选举。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 越南的政治体制革新以行政改革为突破口,革新以来曾推行党政分开的模式。但是,行政效率低、贪腐严重等问题一直未能解决。此间专家说,2008年以来,越共开始从地方尝试党政职务一把手由一人兼任的方式,目前已经进行到部级单位。而国家主席和越共中央总书记的职务是否也要由一人兼任,将在「十一大」召开前最终决定。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "> 在经济领域,「十大」之后,私营经济的地位有明显提升,出台了保护性的措施,亦有政策倾斜。「越南正在转而强调国家对经济,尤其是资金的实际控制力。」潘金娥说。「越南对天朝选择经济改革先行的道路也很尊重。」潘金娥说,「他们看来,无所谓先后快慢,改革基于的现实不同,路径自然会有差别。」事实上,两国在理论创新方面,也都选择了尊重本国现实的出发点。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 3px; margin-bottom: 15px; margin-left: 3px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; border-top-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-left-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-color: initial; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: initial; outline-color: initial; "><br></p></div></span></div></span></div>南风窗《越共改革引领国家重生》
<br><div><br></div><div><a href="http://www.nfcmag.com/articles/1808">http://www.nfcmag.com/articles/1808</a></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; "><div class="title" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 20px; margin-left: auto; width: 476px; text-align: center; overflow-x: hidden; overflow-y: hidden; "><h2 style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font-size: 2.5em; font-weight: bold; font-variant: normal; line-height: 1.2em; color: rgb(27, 16, 13); ">越共改革引领国家重生</h2></div><div class="info" style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 10px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; width: 566px; text-align: center; font-size: 1em; line-height: 1.2em; background-image: url(http://www.nfcmag.com/images/line-x.png); background-repeat: repeat-x; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 50% 100%; "><span style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">作者：尹鸿伟</span> <span style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">来源：南风窗</span> <span style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">日期：2009-11-28</span> </div></span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 一直领导着越南民众的越共，遭遇了许多党掌权后曾经历的相同问题。虽然本质上不可避免，但是它清楚这种恶劣问题的后果。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 2009年9月1日，年届七旬的总书记农德孟在纪念1945年8月河内起义和9月2日独立建国64周年及执行胡志明主席遗嘱40周年的仪式上，表达了对党内干部「作风腐化」的不满，明确表示「整党是最关键的任务」。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 截至2006年底，越共有310多万党员，占全国人口总数约3.7%。其组织机构遍布全国，甚至还在国外工作和学习的7000多名党员中建立了72个基层党组织。越南学者陈子原表示，越共各项改革能够成功的一个重要因素是，「</span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#4169E1"><b>由于越南国家小，各种上级精神不但容易落实，而且中途较少被添油加醋，更不会发生变异</b></font></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; ">」。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 那么，越共自身改革进行到了哪一步，后续动力又如何？<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> <br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> 黎笋之后的越共改革<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 越共诞生于1930年，在世界抗日力量支持下，又经过30年，终于赶跑了美国兵，实现了统一。其后它不但渗透了同为法国前殖民地的老挝、柬埔寨，还有意整合泰国、缅甸，由此奠定了其在中南半岛的联邦领袖地位。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 逝世于1969年的胡志明，是越共、越南社会主义共和国、越南人民军的缔造者，他长期接受共产国际的领导和帮助。但胡志明之后的领导人黎笋反华。黎笋1986年去世后，越南决心逐步摆脱战争国家形象，全面走上 革新开放 之路。1989年，越南从柬埔寨撤军，并着手改善对华关系。由于功课做得早，1991年苏联解体未对其造成重大冲击。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 越南学者陈子原说：「黎笋辞世后，越共先后经历了5位总书记，长征在位6个月，阮文灵在位5年，杜梅6年，黎可漂4年，再后来是2001年上台的农德孟。整个经历实际上是一个从极端、封闭，到逐步开放、发展的过程。」<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 2009年7月，越共召开十届十中全会，为2011年「十一大」做准备。农德孟强调，近20年来成就斐然，下一步是要总结、补充和发展。目前，越共中央执委会已派人到全国各地调研，课题包括「继续提高党的战斗力」、「继续全面革新」、「抑制经济衰退、维持合理增速」、「注重文化建设」和「提高国际地位」等。另外，扩大民主，重视纪律，达成社会高度共识等，也将是十一大的重要议题。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 陈子原表示，前一阶段，「扩大党内民主已经成为越共的一个显著改变，并且把类似的方式推广到国家工作的其他层面，其先后创建了党内选举制、所有领导职务差额选举制、质询制、党务和信息公开制、基层民主制、权力监督制等党内民主制度，都不断引起外界关注」。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 众所周知，少数民族（岱依族）出身的农德孟自2001年4月出任越共总书记以后，让越南的国际形象更加开放和活泼。在2006年4月越共「十大」上，越共首次进行了总书记的差额选举尝试，时任总书记农德孟在全国党代表投票中，战胜时任胡志明市市委书记 阮明哲，实现连任。不过，与外界想象的不太一样，在越南国家事务中总书记并无专断之权，所以越共总书记、国家主席和政府总理被形象地称作「三驾马车」。由于现任总理阮晋勇、国家主席阮明哲和国会主席阮富仲都力推改革，「改革派主导越南政坛」已成为外界的一致看法。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 「一种还没有被越南政府承认的观点认为，引领了越南经济改革并且获得成就的，其实是战败的一方，因为那里的许多人早在殖民地和越南战争期间就有了参与市场的经验，同时越南战争期间美国修建的许多航空、航海基地和各种公路，也为当地经济的发展提供了一定的基础。」陈子原表示。不过，对于越共内部的矛盾和改革的后续动力问题，曾在广西师范大学留学4年的越南一名大学教师指出，「虽然越南人在政治意识上一直有分歧，但对于国家的统一观念是一致的。这就注定了越南会继续发展，而许多矛盾也能在内部获得解决。」</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 越南政坛近些年来令外界吃惊的变化还有许多。早在2002年，越南国会就开始实行质询制度，每位中央委员都可以对包括总书记在内的其他委员提出质询，也可以对中央政治局、中央书记处、中央检查委员会集体提出质询，并且过程进行全国电视直播。2007年5月，越南8400万人口当中有5000万合格选民参与了第12届国会选举，从875位候选人当中选出500位新任国会议员，其中有43名无党籍人士当选——虽然人数没有达到之前政府所希望的50名，但这种民主化的尝试和进步在一定程度上鼓舞了越南民众的信心，也得到国际社会的褒奖。随后越南国家主席阮明哲公开表示，「一党制与民主并不矛盾，越南的目标是建立民主开放繁荣的国家。」2009年，越共又在各地方试点党委书记由党代表直选的制度。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> <br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "> 如何克服体制病<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 回顾越共带领越南所走过的发展道路，不但在政治上斩获颇丰，经济上同样突飞猛进。上世纪70年代末80年代初，越南开始尝试拆散集体农场，把土地分给农民，此举使越南在短短两年后由大米进口国变为重要的大米出口国；而始于1986年的革新开放，更让国家迅速摆脱危机，并保证了随后20年的政局稳定、国力增强及国际地位提升。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 在2000年，越南取消私营企业注册限制，随后在2006~2010年的发展目标和方向上，既允许党员经营私企、当老板，也允许私企老板入党。2006年4月，越共十大提出到2020年越南基本建成现代化的工业国家。同年4月，微软创始人兼董事长盖茨首次访问越南，受到隆重接待；11月，越南成功加入世贸组织，促进了日后的诸多变化。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 26px;"><br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "></span> 而越共十届一中全会又决定，「从2007年起把党、军队、祖国战线和社会政治团体现有的经济实体完全移交给政府管理部门」。这些党控及军控的公司一度被认为对越南「消饥减贫」和国家建设发挥过重大作用。不过，前述举措并没有把原先隶属于军方的公司立即实行私有化，相反在许多实行私有化的企业中，越南政府也不断成为控股股东。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 越南在革新之初，人均国民生产总值还不到100美元，2008年却已闯过1000美元大关。与此同时，经济运行的风险也不断累积。去年全球金融危机爆发期间，通货膨胀、货币贬值、股票急挫，成为悬在越南政府和民众头上的三把利剑。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 26px;"><br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "></span> 近年来越南的政治、经济都得到了有目共睹的飞速发展，而在这样的历史变革时期，腐败问题也不可避免地同期产生。越南老百姓对身边无处不在的腐败现象深恶痛绝。许多越南民众都表示：「大多数国家干部已经不用靠政府薪水养活，他们有自己的办法过得风光。」<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 在2000年至2004年期间，越南全国先后查处干部贪污案件8800多起，涉案官员包括贸易部前副部长梅文桑、农业暨农村发展部前副部长阮光河和阮天麟、交通运输部前部长陶庭平、gung on bou前副部长裴国辉和越南之声广播电台前台长陈梅杏等1.2万余人，2300多人遭严惩。不过在之后的数年里，越南的腐败问题并没有得到根本抑制。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 越南前总理潘文凯在2006年6月对国会说：「当前，政府官员的腐败现象日盛，在社会中引起民愤与不平，阻碍着民族进步，威胁着国家存亡，作为政府总理和越共中央政治局委员，我对此感到无比愧疚。」2007年3月，阮晋勇总理签署一项法令，要求国会代表与政府高级官员申报财产。不过这项法令一直没有得到有效执行。<br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "> 不仅如此，陈子原说，仅就2009年内的有关事件来看：一方面，越南大量删除互联网上有关反华的言论，对刊登「引发仇恨」文章的《旅游报》作停刊3个月处理，抓捕3名反华的越南博客作者；另一方面，也对在此问题上「犯错」的高级干部实施严厉处罚，例如《越共电子报》转载了一篇天朝海军称在西沙群岛进行演练的目的是为了「保卫祖国南海边疆」，曾任越共中央宣教部副部长的该报总编辑陶维括为此被处罚金3000万越南盾（1700美元）。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); font-family: 宋体, Verdana, Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 19px; line-height: 26px; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 26px;"><br style="padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "></span> 尽管如此种种，国际媒体给越共的评价：「越南近年来在经济和政治领域都大量学习国外经验，尽管经济实力还算不上强大，但在政治改革道路上却走得很快。」</span></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div>
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