使君子 發表於 2009-12-18 12:50:38

略说广西古酒

<br><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><br></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: 22px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: simsun; font-size: 12px; "><table width="98%" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><tbody style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td colspan="3" align="center" class="tit" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; color: rgb(41, 108, 189); "><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-size: 12px; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; ">略说广西古酒</h2><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div></td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td bgcolor="#000000" colspan="3" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; "><nobr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></nobr></td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td colspan="3" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; "><nobr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></nobr></td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td height="18" colspan="3" align="center" class="source" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: verdana, 宋体; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; color: rgb(219, 241, 255); background-color: rgb(41, 108, 189); "><font size="2" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><span class="readword" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: 宋体; font-size: 12px; font-style: normal; line-height: 20px; font-weight: normal; font-variant: normal; text-transform: none; color: rgb(219, 241, 255); text-decoration: none; ">2009-11-06 22:12 </span></font></td></tr><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td width="590" height="25" align="right" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></td></tr></tbody></table><table width="98%" height="322" border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><tbody style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><tr style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><td width="100%" align="left" valign="top" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; text-align: left; font-family: tahoma, '宋体 fantasy'; font-size: 12px; line-height: normal; padding-top: 1px; padding-right: 1px; padding-bottom: 1px; padding-left: 1px; "><span class="txt14" id="zoom" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-size: 14.7px; line-height: 23px; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  广西的酿酒业源远流长。在历史上,广西各族人民以其非凡的聪明才智和勤劳操作,酿造出了各种类型的酒类产品,极大丰富了人们的饮食生活,也为酒界增添了色彩。在酒史中,广西酒始终占有重要的二席之地,尤其在古代,广西酒业独辟蹊径,生产出许多具有地域风格的名酝佳酿,博得世人的广泛喝彩。由于年代久远,流传多失,有关古代广西酿酒的史迹渐已模糊;笔者南求史海,钩沉旧籍,希望能将历史上出现的广西古酒复原再现,以让个人饱览。遗漏之处,还望博雅志全。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  据史料记载,早在汉朝时期,广西的酿酒业就已经兴盛起来,首先在苍梧地区形成酿造规模。苍梧,郡名,在今梧州地域。汉朝的苍梧出产上等美酒,名曰「苍梧缥清酒」,又回「苍梧清」。汉人刘熙《释名.释饮食》记载:「酒言宜成醪、苍梧清之属也。」宜成醪,指湖北宜城出产的酒。汉代的酒类产品以宜城和苍梧所产最为知名,论其品位、质感均在各地酒品之上。苍梧酒和宜城酒均为米酒,采用传统发酵方法酿造。按汉代酿酒,有清、浊之分。浊酒或称为「醪」,又称白酒,是一种比较浑浊的米酒,制造特色是用曲量较少,酝造期较短,成酒后醪液浓稠、色泽深重,但酒精含量则不高。清酒的用曲量较多,酝造期也较长,还须经过过滤、压榨等工序进行特殊处理,因而酿成后,酒液比较清澈,酒度也较高。在很长一段时期内,古代酿制的米酒都按清、浊来分类。汉朝时,宜城酒是浊酒类的杰出代表,而苍梧酒则达到了当时清酒类的最高水平。为此,苍梧清酒在汉酒中出类拔苹,声名大噪,就连当时的皇家酒品都为之逊色。桓谭《新论》就说:「玄酒不如苍梧之醇」。玄酒,朝廷为国把大典而特酿的礼仪酒,具有极高的规格,在汉代人看来,皇家宝酒的品质滋味也要排在苍梧酒之下。仅此一点即可得知,汉代的广西酒业已经生产出居于全国领先水平的酒类产品,这种酒就是苍梧清酒。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  魏晋时期,苍梧酒业继续保持着强劲走势,其酒类产品行销于很多地区,让天下酒人为之传觞,史家美誉则接踵而来。《御定历代赋汇》卷一OO引曹植《酒赋》这样描述当时酒事风貌:「其味有宜城醪醴、苍梧缥清。或秋藏冬发,或春酝夏成;或云沸川涌,或素蚁浮萍。尔乃王孙公子,游侠翱翔,将承欢以接意,会陵云之采堂。」可见苍梧酒已步入上流社会的生活圈内,成为官场及士人交往场合的饮用佳品。《历代赋汇补逸》卷一三引傅玄《酒赋》云:「课长兴与中山,比苍梧与宜城。」这里,傅去提到晋代流行的四种名酝,苍梧酒就位列其一。晋朝时,苍梧酒的品种逐渐增多,除清酒之外,又出现了九酝酒和竹叶酒。《渊鉴类函》卷三九三弓!张华《轻薄篇》中有「苍梧竹叶清」的记载。当时的竹叶酒为一种淡绿色的清酒,以色泽得名。又《历代赋汇》逸句卷一引傅玄《七谟》云:「乃有苍梧之九酝」。「九酝」是一种酿酒法,通过多次投料、长时间酝酿来获得高酒度的醇酒,用这种方法生产的酒常以「九酝」为名,借以突出其独到的工艺特色。晋朝时苍梧出产了九酝酒,说明当地的酿酒技术又有新的发展。九酝酒的出现把苍梧酿酒升华到一个更高的境界。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  到南朝时期,苍梧地区的酿酒还维持着一定程度的知名规模,所酿酒品凭借前代遗芳,依旧博得外界好评。《古俪府》卷一二粱昭明太子《七契》就说:「古圣所珍,其酒则苍梧九酝,中山千日。」陈朝诗人张正见在《置酒高台上卜诗中还吟唱着「浮蚁擅苍梧」的语句。于此可见,苍梧酒作为古代广西酒业的象征产品,已维系了千年之久。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>由于史料缺载,隋唐时期的广西酒业显得十分寂静。前代知名的苍梧酒也已消沉。然而到了宋朝,广西酿酒又恢复了昔日的繁荣景象,并进入到了一个全新的阶段。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span><b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#006400">宋朝是酿酒业的发达时期,然而朝廷为了保障酒税的巨额财政收入,在全国范围内进行榷酒垄断,限制民间酿酒业的自由发展,而由于岭南地区商品销售主要途径是面向国外(蕃税),故唯独对岭南地区实行优惠政策。</font></b>为此,宋朝的广西酿酒业未受束缚,官营的酒业与民营的酒业齐头并进,生产日趋高涨,以至官酒公厨与民间酒坊中都有优质产品推向市面。有宋一代,桂林瑞露酒、横宾古辣泉酒、昭州曼阳罗酒,以及老酒和蛇酒都见载于史册,受到各界人士的赞赏。诸多名酒把宋代的广西酒业点缀得五彩斑斓,令人百般神往。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>宋代的广西帅府设在桂林,瑞露酒是帅府公厨酿制的美酒,属于公厨官酿,一般不作为商品酒使用,但其酒名酝色仍然传流全国,为世人所知。周去非《岭外代答》卷六记载:「广右无酒禁,公私皆有美酝,以帅司瑞露为冠,风味蕴藉,似备道全,美之君子,声震湖广。」范成大在桂林时,曾对瑞露酒备加称赞,他在《桂海虞衡志.志酒》中说:「及来桂林,而饮瑞露,乃尽酒之妙,声震湖广,则虽『金澜』之胜,未必能颌顿也。」金澜,指金朝的宫廷名酒。范成大曾北上使金,有幸品尝金朝的名酝金澜酒,当时为之叫绝;后又任职广西,再饮瑞露酒,大有超越以往之感。瑞露酒之美妙,于此可想而知。瑞露酒的酿造,有赖于桂林井泉水质的优良,《桂海虞衡志.志酒》记载:「瑞露,帅司公厨酒也。经抚所前,有井清烈,汲以酿,遂有名。今南库中自出一泉,近年只用库共,酒仍佳。」由于桂林水好,宜于酿酒,所以除帅司之外,州城内外亦产好酒,邹浩曾写诗称颂,其《道乡集》卷五《饮桂州酒示柄》有云:「好酒如好人,虽久略不变。炎凉互推移,气味愈可见。」于此可知,酒品能够长期存放,并且酒味愈陈愈佳,是宋代桂林酒的特色之一。凡是到达桂林的人,都会对这里的酒类产品投以欣羡的目光,如南宋人赵希迈写诗歌咏桂林风物,就着笔于当地佳酿。《东欧诗存》卷八引其《岁杪》诗云:「岁杪携家客桂林,乡山万里楚云深。瓮留腊水供春酿,梅着寒花伴晚吟。」</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>古辣泉酒产于宾、横二州之间。宾州,今宾阳县;横州,今横县。二州接壤处,有古辣泉,用于酿酒,风味殊特。《岭外代答》卷六记载:「宾、横之间,有古辣墟,山出藤药,而水亦宜酿,故酒色微红,虽以行烈日中数日,其色味宛然。」《桂海虞衡志.志酒》亦载:「古辣本宾、横间墟名,以墟中泉酿酒,既熟,不煮,理之地中,日足取出。」古辣美酒,不但以泉水优良而著名,同时还采用了当地独特的埋酵工艺,故而其酒卓有特色。这种酿酒方法,一直沿续到清代,成为当地人民造酒的传统模式。清人陆祚蕃《粤西偶记》记载:「古辣泉在永淳之墟,取以酿酒,既熟不煮,理之土中,日足取出,色浅红,味甘不易败。」从来至清,古辣泉酒长年酝造,世代不绝,并以其独特的风味感染人间,成为古代广西流传最久、生命力最强的一种名酒。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>昭州(治所在今平乐县)在宋代时成为广西的一个重要产酒区,其生产能力逐年递增,当时沿平乐溪两岸,酿酒作坊栉次鳞比,从业者甚多。梅挚曾于北宋景伯年间知昭州,他曾写诗描述这里的酒业风貌,其《梅谏议集.昭潭十爱》有云:「我爱昭州酒,千家不禁烧。漂醪一爵举,瘴雾四时消。红叶和云踏,青帘傍水招。化醴民自醉,鼓腹日歌尧。」可见阳州一带,酿酒业供销两旺,场面十分壮观。由于酒业发达,昭州出产了一些极富地方风韵的特色酒,其中便有曼陀罗酒,这种酒以曼阳罗花做配料,含有较强的麻醉成分。按曼阳罗属茄科之草木,秋时开花,呈长筒状,有白色白蕊,花中含有麻醉物质。相传华佗发明麻沸散,即以此花为主药。《岭外代答》卷六记载说:「昭州酒颇能醉人,闻其造酒时,采曼陀罗花,置之瓮中,使酒收其毒气。」由于这种酒中同时含有酒精加麻醉剂两种成份,能够使人过饮即醉,所以很多人把委陀花酒当作麻醉剂使用。历史上传说的蒙汗酒实际就是这种曼阳罗酒。从北宋时起,昭州曼阳罗酒开始流传到附近各省,被人们用于特殊场合。《宋人轶事汇编》卷一九所引《涑水纪闻》就记载了这样一个故事:「杜杞字伟长,为湖南转运使。五溪蛮反,把以金帛官爵诱出之,为设宴,饮以曼陀罗酒,昏醉,尽杀之。」在宋代的广西酒品中,昭州曼阳罗酒最富有传奇色彩,以至于后代小说家将其渲染为迷药一类的蒙汗酒,让人见而知畏。</p></span></td></tr></tbody></table></span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: simsun; font-size: 15px; line-height: 23px; "><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  老酒是宋代广西民间普遍酿制的麦曲酒,酝造期长,酒体醇陈,易于长期保存。《桂海虞衡志.志酒》记载:「老酒,以麦曲酿酒,密封藏之,可数年。土人家尤贵重。……有贵客,则设老酒、冬昨以示勤。婚娶亦以老酒为厚礼。」范成大在广西时,曾于诗中数番吟咏老酒。《石湖居士诗集》卷一四《食罢书字》云:「扪腹蛮条快,扶头老酒中。荒隅经岁客,土俗渐相通。」自注:「老酒,数年酒,南人珍之。」又同书卷二六《丙午新正书怀十首》云:「殊方节物记吾会,海亲天西一瘦藤。马榄鸡槟尝老酒,酥花芋叶试新灯。」自注:「老酒,十数年不坏者。」</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  广西老酒的产区比较广泛,富裕之家均自开酿,成为当时产量最高、饮用人数最多的地方酒种。《岭外代答》卷六即云:「诸郡富民多酝老酒,可经十年,其色深沉赤黑而味不坏。」当时,桂林出产的老酒还流传到四邻地区,如刘克在《后村居士诗》卷五《湘南楼》诗就曾吟咏:「尚有残钱沽老酒,落花时节约重游。」自注:「残钱、老酒,皆桂州方言。」</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  蛇酒也是广西的特产酒。田锡《麴本草》记载:「广西蛇酒,坛上有蛇数寸许,言能去风。其麴乃山中取草所造,良毒不能无虑。」按《麴本草》的作者不一定是指北宋人田锡,因此这段资料是否记载宋时情况,尚有学者怀疑,但宋代广西确已生产出蛇酒,当是不争之事实,如孙靓《到象州寓行衙太守陈容德携酒至》诗曾有「莫辞蛇酒一尊赤,会压瘴茅千里黄」的记咏。象州,今象州县,与梧州一江可通。按蛇酒大多使用毒蛇为浸料,含有一定的毒性,但日常饮用可以祛风湿、避瘴气、治恶疮、疗癫清,具有较高的医疗价值。古时广西地区多有疾疫流行,人们饮用蛇酒,自然多了一道保健渠道。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  宋朝时,静江(今桂林市)一带,居民有将白酒与豆腐一同饮食的习惯。《岭外代答》卷六记载:「诸处道旁率沽白酒,在静江尤盛,行人以十四钱买一大白及豆腐羹,谓之豆腐酒。」白酒,当时指米酒,也称为浊醪。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  大约从元朝开始,广西流行了寄生酒。宋伯仁《酒小史》中列有「苍梧寄生酒」一品。寄生,又名寄生根,是植物的一种依附生长特性。当某一植物之根侵入其它植物体内,由此吸收他物之养分,便出现寄生状态。这种寄生植物,同时含有两种植物的营养素。广西梧州一带,桑寄生较多,能够长2-3尺高,夏季开紫红色小花,浆果椭圆,成熟后味甜。人们一般在夏季采摘,连同枝叶、茎一起作为配酒用料。用寄生制配的酒可作为强壮剂使用,有补肝肾、强筋骨之功效。正是这种特征,使得寄生酒在长期流传中成为广西酒类中的一个特色产品。明朝以后,广西大量酿造烧酒,寄生酒便用烧酒来勾兑,色味更加醇烈。王临亨《粤剑编》卷二记载:「寄酒产生粤西,采寄生酿之,色纯白而味清旨。然多以烧酒掺入,令人不能豪饮。」明清人士对梧州出产的寄生酒都给以很高的评价,饮用的范围也越来越广,就连上层宴集也要摆上苍梧寄生酒。明人张受《疑耀》卷五这样记载:「五岭之外,绝无佳酝,近游宦者宴会皆嗜苍梧寄生酒,独其性酷热,不宜多饮。」清人汪森所编《粤西丛载》卷一九《酒》引证了很多文献资料,其中就有苍梧寄生酒的多条记录,如所引《百粤风上记》云:「酒以寄生为上,官私皆用之,梧州者佳。会城宗藩家多自酿。」又引张士泽《梧浔杂志》云:「桑寄生酒,出梧州,色白,味颇清冽。……第酿者必和以烧酒,以气候炎蒸,恐酒味易政故耳。」可见,寄生酒受到了各界消费者的喜爱,其制作方法也普及民间。明清诗人亦曾吟咏寄生酒,如明人汤显祖《小金山同陈清州冷提运送军附夜酌四首》有云:「杯传椰子白,酒得寄生清。」清人屈大均《翁山诗外》卷九《为程母陈太夫人寿》诗云:「端水嘉鱼美,梧州奇酒清。」又卷一五《送客上端州号子》诗云:「梧州寄酒冬尤美,莫惜天寒匹马回。」诸家诗咏均反映了苍梧寄生酒的流行及其饮用情况。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  广西蛇酒发展到明代,品质更臻成熟,蛇酒的种类也日加繁多。李时珍所撰《本草纲目》,收有蛇酒四种,包括花蛇酒、乌蛇酒、蚺蛇酒和蝮蛇酒,均产自广西。《广西通志》卷三一《物产》记载梧州府:「乌蛇浸酒,可治风,藤县出。」按藤县在广西东部清江南岸,为梧州属邑,也是广西蛇酒的主要产地之一。《古今图书集成》食货典卷二七八引明人杜庠《复正夫邀饮蛇酒》诗云:「藤峡香醪远寄来,一樽公馆晚凉开。功同薏苡能消瘴,色胶葡萄乍泼醅。钱在杖头直胜买,壁悬弓影莫深猜。主人情重怜衰病,入夜张灯再举杯。」诗中就点示了藤县蛇酒的魅力。明人黄福路过梧州,也曾留诗一首,提及当地蛇酒。诗云:「一棹抵苍梧,西山日欲哺。鱼羹煮已熟,蛇酒人城沽。」直到如今,梧州仍出产著名的三蛇酒,其酒以眼镜蛇、金环蛇、灰鼠蛇浸泡米白酒而成,为广西之历史名优产品。</span></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>藤县酒在明代极负盛名,曾一度与山西的襄陵酒齐名,位列名酒之首,为广西酒业再次争得历史上的酒界最高荣誉。顾清《傍秋亭杂记》卷下记载说:「天下之酒,自内发外,若山东之秋露白,淮安之绿豆,括苍之金盘露,委州之金华,建昌之麻姑,太平之采石,苏州之小瓶,皆有名,而皆不若广西之藤县。山西之襄陵为最。藤县自音有名,远不易致。」顾清所列名酒九品,均是明朝国酒,声贯大江南北,而他首推广西藤县酒,足见其酒质优良。只因当时交通尚不发达,输出不多,故而流传较少,外地人能饮上藤县酒则实属不易了。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>明朝时,广西出产的特色酒尚有郁金酒和相酒。郁金酒以郁金为配料而酿造。郁金,多年生草本姜科植物,地下有块茎及访锤状肉质块根,断面黄色,有香气,并具有和血散瘀、行气解郁的功能,广西人用此物酿酒,号称郁金酒。郁金酒不但香气浓烈,而且还包含着和血止痛的医用效果。《汤显祖诗文集》卷一O《西川学使郭参知菜调西粤》曾见吟咏:「甚野独行云气晓,桂林闲望洛容春。郁金美酒须饶作,何但风烟老却人。」</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>棋酒的风味亦极为殊异。《粤剑编》卷三记载:「根树,不甚高,遍山谷间皆有之。四月已放花,六月犹开,结实大如指,味甘,人来食之。或摘以酿酒,谓之棋酒。」实际上,植树只是长有供果的某种树木,如桑树、构树等,并非单一树种。拒果即拒实,是由整个花序所产生的许多小坚果及其肉质化的花被共同构成的果实,植物学上称作聚花果或复果。广西人自明代起便以植果酿酒,开拓了更为丰富的酿酒资源,因为植果本身含有丰富的糖份,能够在酿造过程中进行糖化和酒化,以至最终酿出杨酒。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>明代的广西民间仍然流行传统的米酒,俗称甜酒,乃宋代老酒之遗韵。《广西通志》卷一二四引明人林粥《龙州十首》诗云:「近水刺桐知驿舍,倚山毛竹即人家。趁墟野妇沽甜酒,候客溪童进辣茶。」龙州,今广西龙州县。甜酒即当地上酝。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>明清时期的广西酒大多带有浓重的地域特色,或以原料特异著名,或于酿造工艺见称。如北流县出产的葛米酒,就限于产物的方寸之地。陆祥著《粤西偶记》记载:「北流县勾漏山有洞,道书谓之宝圭洞天。……洞口前后产葛米,采而干之,粒圆如黍,黑色,以之揉曲酿酒,特芳香。」另如梧州蛤蚧酒,乃以当地特产之蛤蚧为浸泡物,制成具有滋阴补肾、壮腰固精的滋补性药酒。又如宜山红兰酒,本以红兰草为原料,提取红兰汁,用以浸泡糯米,曲酿而成,具有特殊的红兰芳香和浓郁的糯米香。在苍梧,还有用白金瓜配制的酒。扩西通志》卷三一《物产》记载:「白金瓜,出苍梧长洲,春花夏实秋熟,九蒸九晒,用以浸酒,能润肺。」在广西各地,时常能见到椰子酒。《广西通志》卷一二六引清人李茹晏《桂林夏五苦雨》诗有云:「般瓠溪蛮种,炎荒聚落多。木棉裘自暖,椰子酒常酿。」汪森《粤西丛载》卷一九还记载广西酿酒家都给自己制造的酒起上专用名称,其中有莲花酒、阳朔酒、茅滤酒、春分酒之称谓,并指出:「酒肆既多,日中以后,自衙役至市井小民,无不将醉者。」同书又引《明世说新语》的资料:「明施同司理平乐,郡产莲酒,上官恣取无度。」嘉靖《钦州志》记载当地出产一种特制的滴酒,其工艺是:「以糯米粉制草药为曲饼,将糯米蒸饭,粉其饼和之以蔑器,教茅盛之而盖其上,不慌水,待其气蒸酿自水浆滴出,以磁器承之,故日滴酒。产灵山者尤皆佳。」延及明清两代,广西酿酒一直向特色型发展。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>广西是少数民族聚集的地区,许多少数民族都能酿造美酒,尤以瑶族人民最善造酒,《镜花缘》第九六回就将「广西瑶酒」列为清代五十五种名酒之一。壮族同胞制造的酒过去叫作「僮酒」,汉家子弟亦喜欢欢用。钱大听《潜研堂诗集》卷七《僮酒诗为查佝叔太守赋》对此深有描述,其诗云:「三年粤西贤太守,薏苡明珠百元有。僮人遮道送公归,各各献以一盛酒。金台召客劝客尝,色黝而黑甘自香。好添南徼虞衡志,满酌青州从事筋。」可以看出,广西酒分布于境内各地,名酝众多,就连少数民族居地也酿造出高品质的美酒。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>明清时期的桂林酒依然声名蜚著,位列广西诸酒榜首,当时通称为桂酒。《广西通志》卷三一《物产》记载:「桂酒,临挂出。」屈大均《翁山诗外》卷一《醉乡春》词曾描写了明末清初的桂林美酝,词云:「最好桂林香酒,擎出玉林纤手。皎月下,随意老人消受。」到晚清时,桂林的三花酒异军突起,呈现出独有的风采。按三花酒是一种小曲米香型烧酒,经三次蒸馏而成,所以民间又俗称三熬酒、三蒸酒。其实,三花酒的得名源于当地酒工的「观花鉴酒」之说。造酒时,当酒度达到一定标准,酒面上会出现酒花,这是三花酒表面张力的特有现象。酒工往往采用搅动酒液,观察酒液起花的方法来鉴定酒质,有所谓「大花」、「中花」、「细花」之分,又有「堆花」、「满花」、「跑马花」之别。酒花细、堆花久者为上品,最优者可堆三层花,故名「三花酒」。此外,还有人坛、人瓶、人杯要「谁花」之说。总之,三花酒的起名有多种说法。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>最初的三花酒由桂林的酿酒作坊制造。桂林的小酿坊极多,而名气较大的则是「安泰源」号。「安泰源」号始创于咸丰年间,清末时已颇具规模,历经民国,还保持着生产状态。直到如今,这种三花酒仍然是广西酿酒的一个主导产品。</p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></p><p style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><span class="b128" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">  </span>总而言之,古代广西的酿酒业始终保持了旺盛的发展趋势,江晋以来的苍梧清酒,宋代的瑞露、古辣泉、曼陀罗酒等多样产品,以及明清时期的寄生、蛇酒、三花酒等各类酒品,都代表了广西地区在不同时代的酿酒水平。如今我们回顾广西酿酒的历史过程,仍能得到一些有益的启示。</p></span></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; 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