[转载]汉朝与南越的恩怨
<br><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; border-collapse: collapse; line-height: 22px; "><div style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><h2 style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; font-family: arial, helvetica, sans-serif; list-style-type: none; list-style-position: initial; list-style-image: initial; font-size: 1.17em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; line-height: normal; ">「普天之下莫非王土」:汉武帝伐南越之战</h2><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "> 公元前218年,并吞六国的秦始皇,为了完成伟业,将旌旗南指,派屠睢统领五十万大军,兵分五路向岭南进军。起初,在秦持仗军队数量优势的<span class="Apple-style-span" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; white-space: nowrap; ">强大</span>力量打击下,越人遭受重创,首领泽吁宋被杀。但岭南多水,秦深入岭南后不善水战,战事便艰难起来。越人利用熟悉地形、深谙水战的优势,夜袭秦军,结果「秦军伏尸流血数十万」,主帅屠睢也被杀死。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 叱咤风云的秦始皇,哪受过如此屈辱。为了迅速扭转秦军兵力不足、给养不继的局面,公元前217年末,秦始皇下令监御史 史禄 开凿水上航运通道。史禄率领军队和民工在今广西兴安县开山筑堤,穿越分水岭,凿深漓江上源河道,历经三年,终于把长江水系的湘江水和珠江水系的漓江水南北贯通起来。这条运河便叫灵渠。依靠这条水上补给线,秦军源源不绝地运入兵士,很快击溃了越人的反抗,取得了征服岭南的胜利。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 在进军岭南的楼船将士中,有一位尉官叫作赵佗,做了龙川县的县太爷。秦末,中原烽烟四起,深患重病的<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%8D%97%E6%B5%B7" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">南海</span>郡尉任嚣,秘密召见赵佗,让他趁中原大乱之机,独立建国。赵佗不负所望,立即切断与秦国的通道,又利用楚汉<span href="tag.php?name=%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">战争</span>这段时间,兼并了包括广西贵州云南和<span href="tag.php?name=%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">越南</span>北部的广大地区,在公元前203年建立了南越国,定都番禺,自称南越武王。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 赵佗于西汉初建立的岭南王国,存五世,共93年。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 征服南越<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 南越国后期,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">汉武帝派使者至南越国说服 赵兴「内属」</font></b>,越人丞相吕嘉反对归附汉朝,于是发生了宫廷内乱。公元112年秋,汉武帝调遣吴越人和江淮楼船将士十万大军进攻南越国。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉军从水上分五路进军。征南越的主力为伏波将军路博德,率军从贵阳出发,下湟水,直达四会县,再顺流过石门直捣番禺;另一主力楼船将军杨仆从豫章郡下横浦关,入涢水,再顺北江而下到番禺;第三、四路领军郑严、田甲,原来都是越将,后投降汉朝,分别被封为戈船将军和下濑将军,他们率军从湖南零陵出发,一路走漓江,另一路走贺水,然后取道西江,直迫番禺城下;第五路为驰义侯何遗,也是一个越国降将,他率领巴蜀罪人及夜郎兵马,沿牂柯江向番禺进发。这条水路是番阳县令唐萌到岭南「风指晓南越」时发现的,可以说是一支轻骑兵,不料后来「且兰」君长不愿率军远征,发动了叛乱,使驰义侯这一路贻误军机,没能赶到番禺参加五路水军的会战。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 水军在水上遭遇南越国的顽强抵抗。激战持续了一年多,到公元前111年秋,楼船将军杨仆才率军攻陷寻峡,分别击溃洭口关、万人城、石门的南越精锐军队,并与其它三路水军合围,猛攻番禺。《史记》中对这场五路水军攻南越的战斗有比较详细的记载:「会暮,楼船攻越人,纵火烧城。」看来,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">南越国都城在被汉水军攻陷后,又被一把大火化为焦土。</font></b>当南越国被攻陷的消息,飞传到正在河东郡巡游的汉武帝,汉武帝一高兴,便把河东郡改名「闻喜县」。当他巡游到中乡(今河南境内),得到奏报已斩南越丞相吕嘉,又将中乡改名「获嘉县」。<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">历史</span>如水。如今,闻喜县和获嘉县县名犹存,而汉武帝与南越王一样早已化为泥土。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 南越国在熊熊的烈火中灰飞烟灭。在御苑遗址的井中,可以看到被大火烧过的砖瓦、焦木,近井底处有一个被火烧焦的辘轳,宫苑西面也挖掘出大片被烧焦的造船木料。这些都仿佛在诉说着南越国的兴衰沉浮。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 对于南越国的兴亡,司马迁感叹道:「成败之转,譬若纠墨。」(《史记》列传第五十《南越尉佗》)。他是通过南越国的沉浮,来说明成与败、祸与福就像绳索一样交织在一起的道理。南越国自立为王,在客观上,使广大的岭南老百姓避免卷入秦末战乱和楚汉相争的烽烟之中,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">偏安一方,得到了近百年的和平与<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%8F%91%E5%B1%95" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">发展</span>。</font></b><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 南越国二代王赵胡本名叫赵(目末),"目末"是个古字,至为尊贵。可这位南越二代王虽然在小国中至高无上,对汉帝国却只能俯首称臣,所以他在与汉朝廷的交往中改用"胡"字以避讳。由此也可看出南越君臣对汉廷既不服又畏惧的复杂心态。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 南越国的政治制度,在实行郡县制的同时,赵氏还分封了几个王侯。其中最有势力的是苍梧王赵光,他是赵胡的兄弟,即赵佗之孙。当年赵佗平定桂林郡的叛乱后,为了强化对西瓯的统治,将今梧州及其附近地区从桂林郡划出来,封给自己的孙子,根据两广地区的出土文物分析,南越国先后至少分封了五位王侯。这在当时的历史背景下,对南越国安定<span href="tag.php?name=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">社会</span>、发展<span href="tag.php?name=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">经济</span>起了重要的作用。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "> 南越二代王赵胡身体不好,在位时间只有十几年,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="green" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">一般事务大多交由丞相吕嘉处理</font></b>。据考,岭南越人大首领吕嘉为今顺德人,赵佗立国后为"和集百越"任用他当丞相。<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="red" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">吕嘉对赵氏王室死心塌地,忠心的程度甚至超过了当年随赵佗南下的秦军部众。</font></b>新君赵胡对吕嘉非常信任。可是这样一来,多病不爱问事的赵胡声望就成问题了,从而引起了南越国名义上的藩属——闽越王 郢 的觊觎。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 郢是个野心勃勃的王,此之前曾入侵浙江南部的东瓯。闽越为诸越中较强大的一支,秦末时的首领无诸,自称是越王勾践的后裔,曾起兵与诸侯一起反秦。刘邦登基后,便封无诸为闽越王。吕后执政时,汉越交恶,赵佗对抗汉军获得胜利,声威大振,他乘机在以兵力威边的同时,对闽越、夜郎等国施以财物笼络。这些小国一方面畏惧南越,另一方面也想借南越国的力量免受汉朝的控制,于是便和南越建立了一种松散的"役属之"的<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">关系</span>。也就是说,自那时起,闽越国开始了对汉王朝、南越国的双重依附关系,历文、景二帝不变。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> "七国之乱"时,吴王刘濞的儿子刘驹逃到闽越,对东瓯的杀父之仇,他时时记在心头,但自己已无势力,只能设法借助闽越为他铲除东瓯。刘驹常在闽越王郢的面前游说,郢正想向外扩张,刘驹的说辞颇中下怀。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 公元前140年景帝亡,因为众大臣不愿皇帝太强,景帝尚在世时,便联合阻止了刘武被立为继位者。这样,景帝幼子刘彻便成了太子。刘彻登基时年仅16岁,闽越王欺刘彻是个少年天子,这一年从海陆两路发兵围攻东瓯。东瓯被围,眼看就要粮尽城破,忙派人黑夜突围,入长安见武帝刘彻,请求汉朝发兵救东瓯。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 东瓯很小,汉武帝本不欲去救,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="red" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">想让这些好内斗的越人互相消耗</font></b>,但有大臣进言,汉朝曾规定各藩国不得互相攻击,如果小国来求不救,可能会造成不良后果,影响其他<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%9B%BD%E5%AE%B6" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">国家</span>臣服。刘彻觉得有道理,但仍不欲大动干戈地发虎符调兵,只让一个中大夫持节杖带了一批兵马去救东瓯。闽越王不敢跟汉军交战,赶紧带着掠得的东瓯财物、俘虏引兵而退。汉军也不追赶。东瓯王害怕闽越再次来攻,就向汉武帝请求内迁归汉,刘彻同意了。于是东瓯王率领4万多族人,在江淮之间定居下来,后来同当地人完全融合了。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 闽越这次出兵东瓯,捞了一把,又见汉王朝没有追究,郢的胆子更大了,宣称要「恢复其祖先勾践的霸业」。恰好赵佗辞世,病恹恹的赵胡被立为王,郢认为机会来了,便于公元前135年,发兵攻打南越国的边邑。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="red" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">有东瓯的例子在前,赵胡有样学样</font></b>,一面调集军队加强防守,一面火速上书汉武帝,说是两越都为汉朝藩属,不能够擅自出兵互相攻击,现在闽越兴兵来犯,他却不敢违反规定发兵,请汉天子决断。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 这一次汉武帝的反应和东瓯求助时大不相同。<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">此时刘彻已21岁,正想大展拳脚</font></b>,而且南越和东瓯不同,南越乃南方诸国中最强大的一国,控制南越,其他小国就可不战而下,又<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">可得到南部出海口</font></b>。因此刘彻对赵胡的举动高兴地表示赞赏,立即用虎符发了两路大军去夹攻闽越国:一路遣太行王恢出兵豫章,一路命大司农韩安国出兵会稽。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉军压境,闽越国内部阵脚大乱。闽越王的弟弟余善未等汉军打进来,抢先一步把哥哥杀了,请求武帝刘彻罢兵。汉武帝乘机将闽越国一分为二,立余善为东越王,立无诸的孙子繇君丑为越繇王,从而把闽越直接控制在朝廷手中。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 接着,刘彻先后派了鄱阳令唐蒙和中大夫庄助"谕南越",要赵胡亲自「入朝谢恩」。 唐蒙到南越后,赵胡磨磨蹭蹭没有明确表态。跟着庄助又下番禺,赵胡觉得挨不过去了,只好顿首叩谢:"天子为臣兴兵诛闽越,臣死无以报德!"表示愿从速入朝见天子。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 但是一转身,以吕嘉为首的一班大臣马上力谏赵胡万万不可去长安,认为汉兵诛郢是杀鸡给猴看,而且先王有言,侍奉天子不失礼数就行了。吕嘉还担心赵胡入朝会被软禁,那南越不是要亡国了?<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 赵胡更怕入朝不安全,于是在庄助返朝时,推说自己有病,遣太子赵婴齐跟着去长安,作为人质当"皇宫侍卫"。 这以后赵胡一直称病,始终没有入朝见汉天子。可是,南越国并没有因此就逃脱被灭亡的命运。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 对于南边,刘彻有着浓厚的兴趣。闽越和南越对峙时,他就想一举解决这两股势力。闽越直接受制于汉王朝后,南越国东南门户大开。鄱阳令唐蒙出使南越时,在番禺无意间吃到蜀产枸酱,一打听,获知南越国和夜郎国之间有条水道相连。返回长安,唐蒙便上书汉武帝,<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%BB%BA%E8%AE%AE" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">建议</span>利用这条水道出奇兵制越。汉武帝大喜,封唐蒙为中郎将,令他带着1000名士兵和许多汉帛丝绸财物出使夜郎国。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "> 夜郎国是和闽越国同时成为南越国藩属的,接受过南越的财物。唐蒙手笔比南越大得多,一番恩威并施,夜郎及其附近的小部落纷纷归汉。南越国实际上被孤立起来了。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 接着汉武帝又在长安西南开凿昆明池,建造楼船训练水军,准备好攻打南越国的兵力。但这时北方匈奴累犯边关,给汉王朝造成很大威胁,于是刘彻决定先对付匈奴。如此一来,南越国又得以继续偏安一隅。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 匈奴远遁时,汉武帝正值壮年,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="green" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">南越濒临大海,素有出奇珍异宝之名</font></b>,急于开边敛财的汉武帝不可能放过南越。这段时间,南越国又更换了新主。赵胡在公元前122年病死,年仅40多岁。在汉廷当皇宫侍卫的南越太子赵婴齐(事实上就是被汉朝扣押软禁)得到刘彻许可,返回番禺继承了王位。赵婴齐在南越时,已娶越族<span href="tag.php?name=%E5%A5%B3%E5%AD%90" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">女子</span>为妻,生下长子赵建德。后来他入长安一呆十几年,又娶邯郸女稶氏为妻,生子赵兴,成为南越第三代王之后,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="red" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">赵婴齐上书汉朝廷,请求立稶氏为王后,赵兴为太子</font></b>,汉武帝准许了他的请求。有些史学家认为,南越国灭亡的祸根,是赵婴齐舍长立幼造成的。这种说法未免太牵强,雄图大略的汉武帝志在兼并山河,灭南越的方针早就定下来了,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; ">赵婴齐立谁为太子都已经不再可能改变刘彻的既定方针</b>。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 赵婴齐在长安住了那么久,对朝廷意图肯定有所知晓,且清楚地知道区区南越小国根本对抗不了强盛的汉朝。他立汉妻所生的儿子为太子,显然是向朝廷示意自己恭顺,以求南越继续偏安一段时日。从赵婴齐在长安另娶汉妻,汉武帝准许他舍长立幼,也可看出这本来就是汉朝廷的意思。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 立嗣问题在南越国内部引起很大争议,因为南越是以越人为主,丞相吕嘉等人曾为此一再力谏,但赵婴齐坚持己见。 赵婴齐也是个短命王,公元前113年就病死了,于是年轻的赵兴继位当上了南越四代王,(木戮-去掉"戈")氏便成了太后。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 太后其人是不是汉武帝的一着棋,现在无从考证。只知赵兴一登上王位,太后就力劝儿子和大臣向汉武帝请求「内属」,三岁一朝,「除边关",自动放弃南越立国以来一直保持的独立的地位。汉武帝也很迅速地派安国少季为使者,谕南越王赵兴和太后到长安朝见天子,仿佛遥相呼应。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 不过也有史学家认为,太后请求"比内诸侯",主要是汉女入越孤家寡人,<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">大权都落在丞相吕嘉手中,她想借汉朝力量使儿子掌握实权,保住赵氏王室。</font></b>的确,若南越「内属」能够顺利进行,赵氏一门肯定是能保住的。汉武帝北击匈奴、东破<span href="tag.php?name=%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">朝鲜</span>、西征羌戎,连年征战处处都要用兵,假如可以用和平方式解决南越问题,他会乐见其成。那么赵兴便可坐稳王位,不忧家族内斗、自相残杀。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 在接到南越王赵兴请求内属的上书后,汉武帝非常高兴地按汉朝例规,给南越高级官吏吕嘉等颁发了官印,并封赵兴之兄赵建德为术阳侯。为了南越顺利内属,刘彻派安国少季率领一个阵容整齐的使团出使南越国,其中有能言善辩的谏大夫终军,参士魏臣等。考虑到吕嘉可能会造反,汉武帝又派了卫尉路博德率领军队驻守在长沙国边郡桂阳郡等候使者的消息。刘彻还命令安国少季在太后和赵兴入朝觐见期间,带着一班使臣留镇番禺,力求南越局面平稳。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 但是,汉武帝的这些准备措施并没能压住南越国丞相吕嘉。<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="blue" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">吕嘉在南越国威望极高,越人信任他远甚于赵氏皇室。</font></b>而且吕嘉的宗族中有70多人为官,"男尽尚王女,女尽嫁王子",还与南越国王侯中势力最强的苍梧王赵光有姻亲关系。在吕嘉眼中,南越政权的存亡就是自家的事。他曾拼命反对内属,多次劝谏赵兴,但未能奏效。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 吕嘉恨透了太后,她是中原人,与汉使安国少季有奸情,且不顾赵氏社稷,要把先王遗下的珠宝都献给汉武帝,引起越人对太后和新王赵兴的愤怨。太后怕吕嘉发动政变,想先发制人杀掉他。于是在宫署中摆设了一场岭南"鸿门宴",以宴请汉使,需朝中众大臣陪饮为名引诱吕嘉入宫。吕嘉感到不便推辞,勉强应邀入宫。为了防备不测,让他的弟弟带着军队等在宫门外。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 在宴席上,太后坐北向南,赵兴坐南向北,吕嘉、汉使和众大臣皆坐西向东。酒过半巡,太后突然质问吕嘉:"南越内属于汉,是国家大利,而相不赞成,何故?"<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 太后的意图是让安国少季凭汉朝符节处死吕嘉。哪知这个安国少季性格懦弱,关键时刻竟犹疑不决,不敢对吕嘉采取行动。吕嘉见情形不对,立即起身离席而去。太后大怒,想用长矛掷杀吕嘉,但被赵兴阻止,宴席不欢而散。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "> 吕嘉逃出宫后,在宫门口遇到他的弟弟,他把事情经过告诉他弟弟。两人分析,赵兴并没有杀吕嘉的意图,安国少季又不敢动手,太后孤掌难鸣,一时应该不会有大祸。于是吕嘉强忍下来,从其弟掌握的军队中调了一部分保卫丞相府,托病不再入宫,也不见汉使,私下加紧和自己的心腹大臣们密谋夺权。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 安国少季把南越国的情况飞传到汉廷,向武帝求援。刘彻非常生气,大骂安国少季太没用,传来大臣庄参,要他带2000人出使南越,协助太后镇抚国内。庄参觉得这太荒唐,认为如果是以友好姿态去的话,带几个人就够了;如果去动武,那么2000人根本不够。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 可是武帝认为派大批兵马去师出无名,也太抬举吕嘉了。这时,曾做过济北王丞相的韩千秋自告奋勇要求前往,他说:"小小的南越国有什么了不起,何况又有它本国国君和王太后做内应,一个吕嘉又怎能伤害得了我?只要给我300名勇士,我必定斩吕嘉的人头回来报天子。"<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉武帝听后大感振奋,马上派韩千秋和稶氏的弟弟乐,率2000名勇士下南越,帮稶太后对付吕嘉。 汉军南下的消息传到南越国,吕嘉干脆孤注一掷,指挥手握兵权的弟弟带兵杀入王宫,戮杀了南越王赵兴、太后及安国少季等,时公元前112年。然后他又通告苍梧王赵光及属下郡县官吏,立赵婴齐越妻所生的长子术阳侯赵建德为南越王。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 吕嘉在番禺城夺权时,韩千秋、 乐率领着2000名勇士已进入南越国境内。起初进军还算顺利,攻下了几个小城邑。越人非但没进行什么抵抗,还沿途供给食物。其实这是吕嘉有意助长韩千秋的骄气,使他放松警惕,达到诱敌深入的目的。韩千秋不知是计,轻敌冒进。当他率军开进到离番禺只有40里的石门时,南越军伏兵四起,结果韩千秋和稶乐被杀,2000名勇士也全部战死。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 随后,吕嘉把汉使的使节包好函封,置于汉越交界的横浦关上,写明自己反叛的理由,请求汉天子恕罪。同时他调兵遣将,加强各关隘和岭口要害处的防守;又伐木筑城,加固番禺的城防工事。他还遣使与周边小国联络,意欲共同反汉。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 韩千秋、 乐全军覆灭的消息传回长安,朝野震惊。汉武帝勃然大怒,彻底死了和平解决南越割据之心。元鼎五年秋,刘彻下令发10万楼船将士兵分五路平南越:一路以卫尉路博德为伏波将军,由长沙国境内的桂阳下湟水,入连州攻石门;二路以主爵都尉杨仆为楼船将军,从江西入韶关南雄,顺北江而下攻番禺;三路、四路以归义侯郑严为戈船将军,由湖南湘江攻灵渠,再入漓江;五路以驰义侯何遗率巴蜀罪人及夜郎国军队,沿(爿羊)(爿可)江直下逼番禺。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 当时,东越王余善还请求由他率8000名士兵,配合楼船将军杨仆的行动。余善所走的水路,就是赵佗<span href="tag.php?name=%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" class="t_tag" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; cursor: pointer; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(255, 0, 0); white-space: nowrap; ">时代</span>开辟的从东冶到珠江口的海上航道。这条航道风险重重,余善领兵抵达潮州揭阳时,便以风浪大为借口屯兵不动,暗地里派使者跟吕嘉打招呼,持首鼠两端的观望态度。由此也可见南越国的国力,是很让周边小国敬畏的。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 吕嘉敢于反叛,大约也是自恃国力强盛,以为有取胜希望。他从未去过中原,不知道也不相信现在与赵佗举旗反汉时情形大不相同,反而愚蠢地认为如今南越国实力比赵佗时代更强,足以抵挡汉军。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 征南越之战开始打得十分激烈,毕竟南越也是有一定实力和影响的大国。驰义侯何遗率领的第五路军队刚起兵就出了问题,接受了唐蒙大笔财物的夜郎国君后来又被吕嘉的使者说动,此刻以"恐远行,旁国虏其老弱"为借口,拒不远征,还发动叛乱,"与其众反,杀使者及犍为太守"。这样进攻南越的汉军就只有四路队伍了。而第三、四路的统帅原是越将,后投降汉朝被封侯的。他们走得很慢,在广西与西瓯人纠缠不休,开战少,停下来谈判的时候倒很多。所以真正和南越主力交火的,只有杨仆和路博德两路。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 吕嘉凭借南越天险和汉军周旋,战争持续了一年多,到公元前111年秋,楼船将军杨仆方率精兵攻陷寻峡(今清远中宿峡),接着攻陷番禺城北数十里处的石门。石门是拱卫番禺的要塞,由南越精兵固守,这一仗汉军告胜,大大挫败了南越军队的士气。杨仆还缴获了一大批南越军队运军粮的船只,使汉军给养得到补充。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 杨仆率军队扼守石门,扎营等候路博德。不久,伏波将军路博德率军兼程赶到。两路大军会师后,向番禺发起进攻。 杨仆的部队在前,先抵番禺城下,驻扎在城东南面;路博德的一路军队居后,扎营在城西北面。汉军四面合围,轮番猛攻。然而番禺城依山傍水而筑,自任嚣修筑、赵佗增筑和以后历代南越王及吕嘉扩建,十分牢固。吕嘉、赵建德关起城门固守,汉军一时也无可奈何。</div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "> 汉军围城多日,总是不能破城。杨仆杀得性起,下令烧城。公元前110年初春,两路汉军准备好大量干草木柴,在一个刮大风的天气点起大火。<b style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "><font color="red" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; ">南越的民居多为草木所建,最怕火烧</font></b>,火借风势,转眼就从城外烧到城里,番禺军民乱成一团。杨仆所部乘机攻城,路博德则扮起红脸,在城西北大开营门招纳降者,赏赐印绶,再让他们去城中招降。番禺守军不知汉军究竟有多少兵力,只风闻杨仆残酷路博德仁厚,眼见城中大火冲天,救无可救,终于军心动摇,一批接一批向路博德投降。到次日黎明,番禺城陷落。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 吕嘉、赵建德见大势已去,只得带着残兵突围逃走,乘船退到城南百里之外吕嘉的故乡,想凭借元鼎五年在此建筑的石瓮、金斗二城负隅顽抗。此时杨仆按兵不动,路博德则穷追不舍。汉军以绳索编桥渡过阻隔石瓮、金斗的河流,一举攻陷两城。吕嘉和赵建德只好带上数百亲信逃亡海上,想得到东越王余善的接应。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 路博德从新投降的南越官吏那儿得知吕、赵去向,立即派兵追赶。结果吕嘉被原南越国郎官孙都擒获斩首,赵建德被原南越国校尉司马擒获献给汉武帝。这两人因此分别被封为海常侯和临蔡侯。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 苍梧王赵光,在汉军刚临近时就很识时务地投降了,后被封为随桃侯。让东越王余善屯兵的揭阳县令史定,投降后被封为安道侯。桂林郡监居翁,劝服骆越40万人一起归汉,被封为湘城侯。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 赵建德则被押解到长安,刘彻斩下这位南越第五代王的头颅悬在城阙上。南越王宫也在杨仆的一把大火中化为瓦砾,历时93年的南越国至此灭亡。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> </div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "> 灭闽越国 <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉元鼎五年(前112年),南越相吕嘉反汉,杀国王、太后及汉朝使节,图独立。汉武帝命楼船将军杨仆发兵十万讨伐南越。余善见有机可乘,便自告奋勇,请以兵八千从东合击南越,但其目的是夺取潮、梅地区。所以,当余善兵到揭阳时,便以海上起「风波」为借口,不再前进,并暗中同南越相通,希望达成协议,达到夺取潮、梅地区的目的。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 元鼎六年(前111年)初,杨仆率汉军破番禺,南越降。汉廷在南越置南海等九郡,直属中央管辖。同时,杨仆上书武帝,建议率战胜南越之师再击闽越。汉武帝以军旅劳顿,未许,但命诸军移至江西豫章、梅岭(今江西宁都)待命。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 同年秋,余善获得杨仆建议引兵讨伐闽越和汉军驻扎闽越边境的消息,自知反情败露,便先发制人,在建阳、邵武等地要塞建筑六座城堡以拒汉,并派驺力等人为「吞汉将军」,率军主动出击汉军,连占白沙、武林(均在今江西境内)、梅岭三个要隘,击杀汉军三校尉。初战告捷后,余善便刻玉玺,自称「武帝」,公开反汉。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉武帝得知消息后,决心伐余善,他以畏懦罪杀了避闽越兵锋而撤退的大农张成和故山州侯刘齿,调遣四路大军围攻闽越国。第一路由杨仆率领,出武林,由崇安分水岭入闽;第二路由横海将军韩说率领,出句章(今浙江余姚东南),乘船由海路进攻福州;第三路由中尉王温舒率领,经梅岭,入闽西;第四路由越侯为戈船、下濑将军率领,出若邪、白沙(均在今浙江绍兴东南),进攻闽越东北。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 面对汉军进攻,余善前往汉阳(今浦城仙阳镇)督战,指挥闽越军抗击汉军。他派徇北将军守武林,败楼船军数校尉,杀长吏。但汉军马上反击,楼船将军率军斩杀徇北将军,逼得闽越军节节败退。不久,四路汉军都进入福建境内。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 在战况不利情况下,余善统兵固守天险泉山(今浦城县北八十里处),负隅顽抗。原留居汉地的越衍侯吴阳奉汉廷命回闽越劝余善放弃抵抗,但余善不听。吴阳便率领本邑兵700人攻占汉阳城,使余善腹背受敌。面对汉军的强大攻势,闽越贵族内部分化,余善势孤力单,不得不放弃泉山,逃回冶都(今福州)。这时,越建成侯敖、越繇王居股合谋,计杀余善,率部向横海将军投降。余善死后,葬于福州。《闽侯县志》载:「东越王余善冢,在宁棋里」。<br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> <br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; line-height: normal; "> 汉武帝平定余善叛乱后,乘机废除闽越国,同时也封降汉的越繇王居股为东成侯,食万户;封建成侯敖为开陵侯;封越衍侯吴阳为北石侯;封东越将多军为无锡侯。不久,汉武帝以东越狭多阻,闽越悍,数反覆为由,下令将闽越国城池尽毁,将其民迁移到江淮间。闽越族民除逃入山中者外,都在汉军的监视下,离乡背井,迁至江淮居住。至此,曾一度辉煌的闽越国从此消逝。</div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div><div id="postmessage_1879744" class="t_bigfont" style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: auto; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: auto; line-height: 1.6em; font-size: 16px; "><br style="word-wrap: break-word; word-break: break-all; "></div></span></div>越灭启示录
<font size="4"><div><br></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">极好的文章!叙述详尽兼且分析有理。</span></font><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> 文中揭示了南越灭亡的几个根本原因:</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> 1·权倾朝野的越人宰相 吕嘉 对「北来人」赵氏家族的</span><font color="red"><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">愚忠</span></b></font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">。南越国其实是以越人为主体的国家,而吕嘉在越人当中威望最高。若然吕嘉他是醒目的话,趁着赵佗一死,早就应该褫夺甚至铲除赵氏家族,由自己或是族人来上位,这样做的话,汉朝根本就「吹你不涨」。但是如果吕嘉将</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">汉朝早就已经册封过</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">的 赵胡、赵婴齐、赵兴 杀死的话,汉朝就绝对有理由来兴兵伐越。所以话斋:</span><b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">一子错 满盘皆落索</span></b><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"> 啊!
</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">2·越人内部极不团结,一盘散沙,互相对攻,甘愿为私利向敌人出卖同胞。这点在从古至今的两广都一直存在,简直是顽症。民国时代的两广军阀之间和内部的对攻,造成的伤亡甚至大于与「中央军」对战。
</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">3·导致南越国覆灭的五路大军,其实并不在「产枸酱」的西路,而是在东路的连州(路博德)和韶州(杨仆)。
</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">4·干栏式建筑必须改用更加坚固抗灾的建造材料。当年汉军攻越用火来烧民居,现在越人的村寨屡屡发生火宅事故,难道教训还不够多?
</span></font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: large;"><br></span></div>
南越国 是以越人为主体的独立国家
<font size="5"><div><br></div><div><br></div>其实当年与秦军发生正面交锋的,可能就只有以 西瓯部 为首的极个别两三个部落,既不是番禺部(珠三角土佬),也不是骆越部(侗傣民族),而是现在讲「土白话」的「汉人」的先祖。</font><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font size="5">秦军最终夺取岭南,「人肉消耗战」在初期确实起到决定性作用,但最后使得越人心服口服的,应该是中原的<b><font class="Apple-style-span" color="#0000FF">铁器工具</font></b>。</font></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><font></font><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">铁比青铜的密度低(同体积 更轻),硬度也更大,故铁制兵器杀伤力更大。青铜熔点低,用柴火烧即可熔;而铁的熔点高,需要用到发热量更大的煤。<br></span><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">岭南的矿藏,既 缺铁(强酸性土质 铁元素只能以离子状态存在),又缺煤(土质过于疏松湿热 有机残骸分解过快),正是越人迟迟不能进入「铁器时代」的根本原因。 </span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">秦军带来了北方的体格强壮的牛羊马,耕田的犁用更坚硬轻巧的铁铸造,以及可用于记录语言的文字。这些都是吸引大批越人归顺的原因。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">所以,南越国短短的九十几年国祚,越人依然是南越国的人口主体,秦军能成为南越国统治者,是因为他们带来的铁器。在赵佗和汉吕后对持的时期,吕后就通过封锁对南越国的铁煤出口,来要挟南越国。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;">然而,在这九十几年内,聪明的越人在得到了铁和媒之后,创造出了比同期中原更高的工艺水平。这些都可以在南越博物馆里面的展品处找到答案。</span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div><div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: x-large;"><br></span></div></div>[ 本帖最後由 使君子 於 2009-12-4 13:24 編輯 ] 加入比楼主知道南越国王是一个汉人,我想楼主大概要自杀以明志 粵地歸順中原原來是西漢的事!
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