使君子 發表於 2009-8-23 20:21:46

宋·赵汝适:《诸蕃志》(节选)

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px; "><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h1><h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: normal; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.1em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 24px; line-height: 1.2em; background-position: initial initial; ">诸蕃志</h1><div id="bodyContent" style="font-size: 15px; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><br></span></font><div id="contentSub" style="font-size: 13px; line-height: 1.2em; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 1.4em; margin-left: 1em; color: rgb(125, 125, 125); width: auto; "></div><table style="font-size: 15px; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); width: 1082px; margin-top: 0px; border-top-width: 1px; border-right-width: 1px; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-left-width: 1px; border-top-style: solid; border-right-style: solid; border-bottom-style: solid; border-left-style: solid; border-top-color: rgb(147, 166, 192); border-right-color: rgb(147, 166, 192); border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 166, 192); border-left-color: rgb(147, 166, 192); text-align: center; "><tbody><tr><td class="noprint" style="width: 267px; text-align: left; font-size: small; "></td><td style="width: 535px; "><b><br></b><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); ">作者:赵汝适 (</span><span style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); ">宋)</span></td><td class="noprint" style="width: 266px; text-align: right; font-size: small; "></td></tr></tbody></table><table style="font-size: small; color: black; background-color: rgb(255, 250, 240); width: 1084px; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(147, 166, 192); background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td><font color="#464646"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 14px;"><b><br><br>宋赵汝适撰。汝适始末无考,惟据《宋史·宗室世系表》,知其为岐王仲忽之元孙,安康郡王士说之曾孙,银青光禄大夫不柔之孙,善待之子,出于简王元份房,上距太宗八世耳。此书乃其提举福建路市舶时所作,于时宋已南渡,诸蕃惟市舶仅通,故所言皆海国之事。《宋史·外国列传》实引用之。核其叙次事类,岁月皆合。但《宋史》详事迹而略于风土、物产,此则详风土、物产而略于事迹。盖一则史传,一则杂志,体各有宜,不以偏举为病也。所列诸国,「宾瞳龙」史作「宾同陇」,「登流眉」史作「丹流眉」,「阿婆罗拔」史作「阿蒲罗拔」,「麻逸」史作「摩逸」。盖译语对音,本无定字。龙、陇,三声之通。登、丹,蒲、婆,麻、摩,双声之转。呼有轻重,故文有异同。无由核其是非,今亦各仍其旧。惟南宋僻处临安,海道所通,东南为近。志中乃兼载大秦天竺诸国,似乎隔越西域,未必亲睹其人。然考《册府元龟》,载唐时祅教称大秦寺,《桯史》所记广州海獠,即其种类。又法显《佛国记》载陆行至天竺,附啇舶还晋。知二国皆转海可通,故汝适得于福州见其市易。然则是书所记,皆得诸见闻,亲为询访。宜其叙述详核,为史家之所依据矣。</b></span></font></font><table style="font-size: 0.9em; color: black; background-color: rgb(249, 249, 249); text-align: left; background-image: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; float: right; background-position: initial initial; "><tbody><tr><td style="color: rgb(153, 153, 153); "></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: center;"><br></div><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.8D.B7.E4.B8.8A" id=".E5.8D.B7.E4.B8.8A" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline"><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font></h2></span></h2></div></span>

[ 本帖最後由 使君子 於 2009-8-26 20:15 編輯 ]

使君子 發表於 2009-8-26 14:48:35

《诸蕃志》上卷(节选)

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h2><h2 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.6em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: 1px; border-bottom-style: solid; border-bottom-color: rgb(170, 170, 170); font-size: 22px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">卷上</span></h2><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E4.BA.A4.E8.B6.BE.E5.9C.8B" id=".E4.BA.A4.E8.B6.BE.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3>交趾国</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">交趾,古交州。东南簿海,接占城。西通白衣蛮。北抵钦州。<font color="blue">历代置守不绝,赋入至薄,守御甚劳。皇朝重武爱人,不欲宿兵瘴疠之区,以守无用之土。</font>因其献款,从而羁縻之。王系唐姓。服色饮食略与中国同,但男女皆跣足差异耳。每岁正月四日,椎牛飨其属。以七月十五日为大节,家相问遗,官寮以生日献其首。十六日开宴酬之。岁时供佛,不祭先。病不服药。夜不燃灯。乐以蚺蛇皮为前列。<small>此句未详,疑有误宇。</small>不能造纸笔,求之省地。<small>「省地」二字句未详。</small>土产沉香、蓬莱香、生金、银、铁、朱砂、珠、贝、犀、象、翠羽、车渠、盐、漆、木绵、吉贝之属。岁有进贡。其国不通商。以此首题,言自近者始也。舟行约十余程抵占城国。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.8D.A0.E5.9F.8E.E5.9C.8B" id=".E5.8D.A0.E5.9F.8E.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3>占城国(占婆 ChamPa)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">占城,东海路通广州,西接云南,南至眞腊,北抵交趾,通邕州。自泉州至本国顺风舟行二十余程。其地东西七百里,南北三千里。国都号新州,有县镇之名,甃砖为城,护以石塔。王出入乘象,或乘软布兜,四人舁之。头戴金帽,身披璎珞。王每出朝坐,轮使女三十人持剑盾或捧槟榔从,官属谒见,膜拜一而止,白事毕,膜拜一而退。妇人拜揖与男子同。男女犯奸皆杀,盗有斩指断趾之刑。战则五人结甲,走则同甲皆坐以死。唐人被土人杀害,追杀偿死。<font color="blue">国人好洁,日三五浴,以脑麝合香涂体,又以证香和焚薰衣。</font>四时融暖,无寒暑候。每岁元日,牵象周行所居之地,然后驱逐出郭,谓之逐邪。四月有游船之戏,陈鱼而观之。定十一月望日为冬至。州县以土产物帛献于王。民间耕种率用两牛,五谷无麦,有粳栗麻豆。不产茶,亦不识酝酿之法,止饮椰子酒。果实有莲、蔗、蕉、椰之属。土地所出,象牙、笺、沉、连香、黄蜡、乌樠木、白藤、吉贝、花布、丝绞布、白氎簟、孔雀、犀角、红鹦鹉等物。官监民入山斫香输官,谓之身丁香,如中国身丁盐税之类,纳足听民贸易。不以钱为货,惟博米酒及诸食物,以此充岁计。若民入山为虎所噬,或水行被鳄鱼之厄,其家指其状诣王,王命国师作法,诵咒书符,投民死所,虎、鳄即自投赴请命,杀之。若有欺诈诬害之讼,官不能明,令竞主同过鳄鱼潭,其负理者鱼即出食之;理直者虽过十余次,鳄自避去。买人为奴婢,每一男子鬻金三两,准香货酬之。商舶到其国,即差官折黑皮为策,书白字,抄物数,监盘上岸,十取其二,外听交易,如有隐瞒,籍没入官。番商兴贩用脑、麝、檀香、草席、凉伞、绢、扇、漆器、瓷器、铅、锡、酒、糖等博易。旧州、乌丽、日丽、越里、微芮、宾瞳龙、乌马、拔弄、容蒲罗甘兀亮、宝毗齐皆其属国也。其国前代罕与中国通。周显德中,始遣使入贡。皇朝建隆、乾德间,各贡方物。太平兴国六年,交趾黎桓上言,欲以其国俘九十三人献于京师,太宗令广州止其俘,存抚之。自是贡献不绝,辄以器币优赐,嘉其向慕圣化也。国南五七日程至眞腊国。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E8.B3.93.E7.9E.B3.E9.BE.8D.E5.9C.8B" id=".E8.B3.93.E7.9E.B3.E9.BE.8D.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E7.9C.9E.E8.87.98.E5.9C.8B" id=".E7.9C.9E.E8.87.98.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; ">眞腊国(Siem Reap 暹粒市 柬埔寨古都)</h3></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">眞腊接占城之南,东至海,西至蒲甘,南至加罗希。自泉州舟行顺风月余日可到,其地约方七千余里,国都号禄兀。天气无寒。其王妆束大概与占城同,出入仪从则过之,间乘辇,驾以两马,或用牛。其县镇亦与占城无异。官民悉编竹覆茅为屋,惟国王镌石为室。有靑石莲花池沼之胜,跨以金桥,约三十余丈。殿宇雄壮,侈丽特甚。王坐五香七宝床,施宝帐,以纹木为竿,象牙为壁。群臣入朝,先至阶下三稽首,升阶则跪,以两手抱膊,绕王环坐,议政事讫,跪伏而退。西南隅铜台上列铜塔二十有四,镇以八铜象,各重四千斤。战象几二十万,马多而小。奉佛谨严,一日用番女三百余人舞献佛饭,谓之阿南,即妓弟也。其俗淫,奸则不问,犯盗则有斩手、断足、烧火印胸之刑。其僧道咒法灵甚。僧衣黄者有室家,衣红者寺居,戒律精严。道士以木叶为衣,有神曰婆多利,祠祭甚谨。以右手为净,左手为秽。取杂肉羹与饭相和,用右手掬而食之。厥土沃壤,田无畛域,视力所及而耕种之。米谷廉平,每两乌铅可博米二、笃耨脑、笃耨瓢、番油、姜皮、金颜香、苏木、生丝、绵布等物。番商兴贩,用金银、瓷器、假锦、凉伞、皮鼓、酒、糖、醯醢之属博易。登流眉、波斯兰、罗斛、三泺、眞里富、麻罗问、绿洋、呑里富、蒲甘、窊里、西棚、杜怀、浔番皆其属国也。本国旧与占城邻好,岁贡金两,因淳熙四年五月望日,占城主以舟师袭其国都,请和不许,杀之,遂为大雠,誓必复怨。庆元己未,大举入占城,俘其主,戮其臣仆,剿杀几无噍类。更立眞腊人为主,占城今亦为眞腊属国矣。唐武德中始通中国。国朝宣和二年,遣使入贡。其国南接三佛齐属国之加罗希。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E7.99.BB.E6.B5.81.E7.9C.89.E5.9C.8B" id=".E7.99.BB.E6.B5.81.E7.9C.89.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><font class="Apple-style-span" size="6"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 20px;"><b><br></b></span></font></span></font></h3></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; ">三佛齐国(马拉半岛、巽它群岛)</h3></span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">三佛齐,间于眞腊、阇婆之间,管州十有五。在泉之正南,冬月顺风月余方至凌牙门。经商三分之一始入其国。国人多姓蒲。累甓为城,周数十里。国王出入以乘船,身缠缦布,葢以绢伞,卫以金镖。其人民散居城外,或作牌水居,铺板覆茅。不输租赋。习水陆战,有所征伐,随时调发,立酋长率领,皆自备兵器糗粮,临敌敢死,伯于诸国。无缗钱,止凿白金贸易。四时之气,多热少寒。豢畜颇类中国。有花酒、椰子酒、槟榔蜜酒,皆非曲糵所酝,饮之亦醉。国中文字用番书。以其王指环为印,亦有中国文字,上章表则用焉。国法严,犯奸男女悉寘极刑。国王死,国人削发成服,其侍人各愿徇死,积薪烈焰跃入其中,名曰同生死。有佛名金银山,佛像以金铸。每国玉立,先铸金形以代其躯。用金为器皿,供奉甚严。其金像器皿各镌志示后人勿毁。国人如有病剧,以银如其身之重施国之穷乏者,示可缓死。俗号其王为龙精,不敢谷食。惟以沙糊食之,否则岁旱而谷贵。浴以蔷薇露,用水则有巨浸之患。有百宝金冠,重甚,每大朝会,惟王能冠之,他人莫胜也。传禅则集诸子以冠授之,能胜之者则嗣。旧传其国地面忽裂成穴,出牛数万,成群奔突入山,人竞取食之,后以竹木窒其穴,遂绝。土地所产:玳瑁、脑子、沉速暂香、粗熟香、降眞香、丁香、檀香、豆蔲,外有眞珠、乳香、蔷薇水、栀子花、腽肭脐,没药、芦荟、阿魏、木香、苏合油、象牙、珊瑚树、猫儿睛、琥珀、蕃布、番劔等,皆大食诸蕃所产,萃于本国。番商兴贩用金、银、瓷器、锦绫。缬绢、糖、铁、酒、米、干良姜、大黄、樟脑等物博易。其国在海中,扼诸番舟车往来之咽喉,古用铁。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.96.AE.E9.A6.AC.E4.BB.A4.E5.9C.8B" id=".E5.96.AE.E9.A6.AC.E4.BB.A4.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal; "><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">大秦国(印度北部某邦)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">大秦国<small>一名犁轩</small>,西天诸国之都会,大食番商所萃之地也。其王号麻啰弗,理安都城,以帛织出金字缠头,所坐之物则织以丝罽。有城市里巷,王所居舍,以水精为柱,以石灰代瓦,多设帘帏,四围开七门,置守者各三十人。有他国进贡者,拜于階戺之下,祝寿而退。其人长大美皙,颇类中国,故谓之大秦。有官曹簿领,而文字习胡。人皆髦头,而衣文绣,亦有白葢小车旌旗之属,及十里一亭,三十里一堠。地多狮子,遮害行旅,不百人持兵器偕行,易为所食。宫室下凿地道通礼拜堂一里许。王少出,惟诵经礼佛,遇七日即由地道往礼拜堂拜佛,从者五十余人。国人罕识王面。若出游则骑马,用伞,马之头顶皆饰以金玉珠宝。递年大食国王有号素丹者,遣人进贡。如国内有警,即令大食措置兵甲抚定。所食之物,多饭饼肉,不饮酒,用金银器以匙挑之,食已即以金盘贮水濯手。土产琉璃、珊瑚、生金、花锦、缦布、红玛瑙、眞珠,又出骇鸡犀,骇鸡犀即通天犀也。汉延嘉初,其国主遣使自日南徼外来献犀、象、玳瑁,始通中国,所供无他珍异,或疑使人隐之。晋太康中又来贡。或云其国西有弱水、流沙,近西王母,几于日所入也。接杜还『经行记』云:「拂桑国在苫国西,亦名大秦。其人颜色红白,男子悉著素衣,妇人皆服珠锦。好饮酒,尚干饼,多工巧,善织络。地方千里,胜兵万余,与大食相御。西海中有市,客主同和,我往则彼去,彼来则我归。卖者陈之于前,买者酬之于后,皆以其直置诸物旁,待领直然后收物,名曰『鬼市』。」</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.A4.A9.E7.AB.BA.E5.9C.8B" id=".E5.A4.A9.E7.AB.BA.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline"><br><br></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">天竺国(印度北部)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">天竺国隶大秦国,所立国主悉由大秦选择。俗皆辫发,垂下两鬓及顶,以帛缠头。所居以石灰代瓦,有城郭居民。王服锦罽,为螺髻于顶,余发剪之使短。晨出坐皮,乃兽名。用朱蜡饰之,画杂物于其上,群下皆礼拜祝寿。出则骑马,鞍辔皆以乌金银闹装,从者三百人,执矛剑之属。妃衣大袖镂金红衣,岁一出,多所赈施。国有圣水,能止风涛,番商用琉璃瓶盛贮,猝遇海扬波,以水洒之则止。后魏宣武时,尝遣使献骏马,云其国出狮子、貂、豹、橐、犀、象、玳瑁、金、铜、铁、铅、锡、金缕织成金罽、白叠、,有石如云母而色紫,裂之则薄如蝉翼,积之则如纱,縠有金刚石,似紫石英,百链不销,可以切玉,又有旃檀等香,甘蔗、石蜜诸果。岁与大秦、扶南贸易,以齿贝为货。俗工幻化。有弓箭甲矟飞梯地道及木牛流马之法,而怯于战斗。善天文算历之术,皆学『悉昙章』书,以下阙七字。以贝多树叶为纸。唐贞观、天授中,尝遣使人贡。雍熙间有僧啰护哪航海而至,自言天竺国人,番商以其胡僧,竞持金缯珍宝以施,僧一不有,买隙地建佛刹于泉之城南,今宝林院是也。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.A4.A7.E9.A3.9F.E5.9C.8B" id=".E5.A4.A7.E9.A3.9F.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline"><br><br></span></h3><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">大食国(阿拉伯)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">大食在泉之西北,去泉州最远。番舶艰于直达,自泉发船四十余日,至蓝里博易住冬,次年再发,顺风六十余日方至其国。本国所产,多运载与三佛齐贸易,贾转贩以至中国。其国雄壮,其地广袤。民俗侈丽,甲于诸番,天气多寒,雪厚二三尺,故贵毡毯。国都号蜜徐篱,<small>或作麻啰拔。</small>据诸蕃冲要。王头缠织锦番布,朔望则戴八面纯金平顶冠,极天下珍宝,皆施其上。衣锦衣,系玉带,蹑间金履。其居以玛瑙为柱,以绿甘<small>石之透明如水晶者。</small>为壁,以水晶为瓦,以碌石为砖,以活石为灰。帷幕之属,悉用百花锦,其锦以眞金线夹五色丝织成。台榻饰以珠宝。塔砌包以纯金。器皿鼎灶杂用金银,结眞珠为帘。每出朝坐于帘后。官有丞相,披金甲,戴兜鍪,持宝剑,拥卫左右。余官曰太尉,各领兵马二万余人,马高七尺,用铁为鞋,士卒骁勇,武艺冠伦。街阔五丈余,就中凿二丈深四尺,以备骆驼马牛驮负物货,左右铺砌靑黑石板,尤极精致,以便来往。民居屋宇与中国同,但瓦则以薄石为之。民食专仰米谷,好嗜细面蒸羊,贫者食鱼菜果实,皆甜无酸,取蒲萄汁为酒,或用糖煮香药为思酥酒,又用蜜和香药作眉思打华酒,其酒大暖。巨富之家博易金银以量为秤。市肆谊哗,金银绫锦之类种种萃聚。工匠技术咸精其能。王与官民皆事天,有佛名麻霞勿。七日一削发翦甲,岁首清斋念经一月,每日五次拜天。农民耕种无水旱之忧,有溪涧之水足以灌漑,其源不知从出,当农隙时,其水止平两岸,及农务将兴,渐渐汎溢,日增一日,差官一具视水候至广行劝集齐时,耕种足用之后,水退如初。国有大港,深二十余丈,东南濒海,支流达于诸路。港之两岸皆民居,日为墟市,舟车辐凑,麻、麦、粟、豆、糖、面、油、柴、鸡、羊、鹅、鸭、鱼、虾、枣圈、蒲萄、杂果皆萃焉。土地所出,眞珠、象牙、犀角、乳香、龙涎、木香、丁香、肉豆蔲、安息香、芦荟、没药、血碣、阿魏、腽肭脐、鹏砂、琉璃、玻璃、砗磲、珊瑚树、猫儿睛、栀子花、蔷薇水、没石子、黄蜡、织金软锦、驼毛布、兜罗绵、异缎等。番商兴贩,系就三佛齐、佛啰安等国转易。麻啰抹、施曷、奴发、哑四包闲、啰施美、木俱兰、伽力吉、毗喏耶、伊禄、白达、思莲、白莲、积吉、甘眉、蒲花罗、层拔、弼琶啰、勿拔、瓮篱、记施、麻嘉、弼斯罗、吉瓷尼、勿斯离皆其属国也。其国本波斯之别种。隋大业中有波斯之桀黠者,探穴得文石以为瑞,乃纠合其众,剽略资货,聚徒浸盛,遂自立为王,据有波斯国之西境。唐永徽以后,屡来朝贡。其王盆尼末换之前,谓之白衣大食。阿婆罗拔之后,谓之黑衣大食。皇朝乾德四年,僧行勒游西域,因赐其王书,以招怀之。开宝元年,遣使来朝贡。四年,同占城、阇婆致礼物于江南李煜,煜不敢受,遣使上其状,因诏自今勿以为献。淳化四年,遣副使李亚勿来贡,引对于崇政殿,称其国与大秦国为邻,土出象牙、犀角。太宗问取犀象何法?对日:「象用象媒,诱至渐近,以大绳羁縻之耳;犀则使人升大树,操弓矢伺其至,射而杀之,其小者不用弓矢亦可捕获。」赐以袭衣冠带,仍赐黄金,准其所贡之直。雍熙三年,同宾瞳龙国来朝。咸平六年,又遣麻尼等贡眞珠,乞不给回赐。眞宗不欲违其意,俟其还,优加恩礼。景德元年,其使与三佛齐、蒲甘使同在京师,留上元观灯,皆赐钱纵饮。四年,偕占城来贡,优加馆饩,许览寺观苑囿。大中祥符车驾东封,其主陁婆离上言,愿执方物赴泰山,从之。四年祀汾阴,又来。诏令陪位。旧传广州言大食国人无西忽卢华,百三十岁,耳有重轮,貌甚伟异,自言远慕皇化,附古逻国舶船而来,诏赐锦袍银带,加束帛。元祐、开禧间各遣使人贡。有番商曰施那帏,大食人也。蹻寓泉南,轻财乐施,有西土气习,作丛冢于城外之东南隅,以掩胡贾之遗骸。提舶林之奇记其实。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "></span></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">渤泥国(Borneo 婆罗洲)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">渤泥在泉之东南,去阇婆四十五日程,去三佛齐四十日程,去占城与麻逸各三十日程,皆以顺风为则。其国以板为城,城中居民万余人,所统十四州。王居覆以贝多叶,民舍覆以草。王之服色,略做中国,若裸体跣足,则臂佩金圈,手带金练,以布缠身。坐绳床。出则施大布单坐其上,众舁之,名曰「软囊」,从者五百余人,前持刀劔器槭,后捧金盘,贮香脑槟榔等从。以战船百余只为卫,战斗则持刀披甲,甲以铜铸,状若大筒,穿之于身,护其腹背。器皿多用金。地无麦,有麻、稻,以沙糊为粮。<small>沙糊详见黄麻驻。</small>又有羊及鸡鱼。无丝蚕,用吉贝花织成布。有尾巴树、加蒙树、椰子树,以树心取汁为酒。富室之妇女,皆以花锦销金色帛缠腰,婚聘先以酒,槟榔次之,指环又次之,然后以吉贝布,或量出金银成礼。丧葬有棺敛,以竹为轝,载弃山中,二月始耕则祀之,凡七年则不复祀矣。以十二月七日为岁节。地多热。国人宴会,鸣鼓吹笛击钵歌舞为乐。无器皿,以竹编贝多叶为器,食毕则弃之。其国邻于底门国。有药树,取其根煎为膏服之,仍涂其体,兵刃所伤皆不死。土地所出,梅花脑、速脑、金脚脑、米脑、黄蜡、降眞香、玳瑁。番商兴贩,用货金、货银、假锦、建阳锦、五色绢、五色茸、琉璃珠、琉璃瓶子、白锡、乌铅、网坠、牙臂环、胭脂、漆碗楪、靑瓷器等博易。番舶抵岸三日,其王与眷属率大人<small>王之左右,号曰大人。</small>到船问劳,船人用锦藉跳板迎肃,欸以酒醴,用金银器皿禒席凉伞等分献有差。既泊舟登岸,皆未及博易之事,商贾日以中国饮食献其王,故舟往佛泥,必挟善庖者一二辈倶。朔望并讲贺礼,几月余,方请其王与大人论定物价。价定,然后鸣鼓以召远近之人,听其贸易。价未定而私贸易者罚。俗重商贾。有罪抵死者罚而不杀。船回日,其王亦酾酒椎牛祖席,酢以脑子、番布等。称其所施,舶舟虽贸易迄事,必候六月望日排辨佛节然后出港,否则有风涛之厄。佛无他像,茅舍数层,规制如塔,下置小龛,罩珠二颗,是谓圣佛。土人云:「二珠其初犹小,今渐大如拇指矣。」遇佛节,其王亲供花果者三日,国中男女皆至。太平兴国二年,遣使蒲亚利等贡脑子、玳瑁、象牙、檀香。其表缄封数重,纸类木皮而薄,莹滑,色微绿,长数尺,博寸余,卷之仅可盈握。其字细小,横读之,译以华言云:「渤泥国王向打稽首拜,皇命万岁万岁万万岁。」又言:「每年修贡,易飘泊占城,乞诏占城今后勿留。」馆其使于礼宾院,优遣之。元丰五年又遣使来贡。西龙官、什庙、日丽、胡芦蔓头、苏勿里、马胆逾马喀居海岛中,用小船来往,服色饮食与渤泥同。出生香、降眞香、黄蜡、玳瑁。商人以白瓷器、酒、米、粗盐、白绢、货金易之。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "></span></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">流求国(台湾)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">流求国当泉州之东,舟行约五六日程。王姓欢斯,土人呼为「可老」,王所居曰波罗檀洞。堑栅三重,环以流水,植棘为藩,殿宇多雕刻禽兽。男女皆以白纻绳缠发,从头后盘绕,及以杂纻杂毛为衣,制裁不一。织藤为笠,饰以羽毛。兵有刀矟弓箭剑鼓之属,编熊豹皮为甲。所乘之车刻兽为像,导从仅数十人。无赋敛,有事则均税。不知节朔,视月盈亏以纪时。父子同床而寝。曝海水为盐,酿米曲为酒。遇异味先进尊者。肉有熊罴豺狼,尤多猪鸡,无牛羊驴马。厥土沃壤,先用火烧,然后引水灌注,持锸仅数寸而垦之。无他奇货,尤好剽掠,故商贾不通。土人间以所产黄蜡、土金、牦尾、豹脯,往售于三屿。旁有毗舍耶、谈马颜等国。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 19px; "></span></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">新罗国(南朝鲜)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">新罗国,弁韩遗种也。其国与泉之海门对峙。俗忌阴阳家子午之说,故兴贩必先至四明,而后再发,或曰泉之水势渐低,故必经由四明。有大族曰金氏、朴氏。唐武德中封眞金为乐浪郡王,其后常为君长。开耀中遣使乞唐礼及他文,从之。屋宇器用服饰官属略仿中国。其治峻法以绳下,故少犯,道不拾遗。婚娶不用币。人知书喜学,厮役之家亦相矜勉。里有庠,扁日局堂,处子弟之未婚者习书射于其中,三岁一试,举人有进士算学诸科,故号君子国。地宜粳稻,有橐驼水牛,不用钱,第以米博易。民家器皿悉铜为之。乐有二品,曰库乐,曰乡乐。开元中尝遣邢璹为吊使。五代同光、长兴中,各遣使修朝贡礼。皇朝建隆二年遣使来贡。兴国二年又贡。其国信阴阳鬼神之事,多拘忌。中国使至,必涓吉而后具礼受诏,每受诏亦为谢表,粗有文采。地出人参、水银、麝香、松子、榛子、石决明、松塔子、防风、白附子、茯苓、大小布、毛施布、铜磬、瓷器、草席、鼠毛笔等。商舶用五色缬绢及建本文字博易。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><a name=".E5.80.AD.E5.9C.8B" id=".E5.80.AD.E5.9C.8B" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(0, 43, 184); background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: initial initial; "></a></p><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><font class="Apple-style-span" size="4"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-size: 15px; font-weight: normal;"><br></span></font><span class="mw-headline"><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3>倭国(日本)</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">倭国在泉之东北,今号日本国。以其国近日出,故名。<font color="blue">或曰恶旧名改之。</font>国方数千里,西南至海,东北限以大山,<font color="blue">山外即毛人国(Ainu人)</font>,凡五畿、七道、三岛,三千七百七十二乡,四百一十四驿,八十八万三千余丁。地多山林,无良田,嗜海错。俗多文身,自谓泰伯之后。又言上古使至中国,皆自称大夫。昔夏少康之子封于会稽,断发文身,以避蛟龙之害。今倭人沉没取鱼,亦文身以厌水族。计其道里,在会稽之正东,寒暑大类中国。王以王为姓,历七十余世不易,文武皆世官。男子衣横幅,结束相连,不施缝缀,妇人衣如单被,穿其中以贯头,一衣率用二三缣,皆被发跣足。亦有中国典籍,如『五经』、『白乐天文集』之类,皆自中国得之。土宜五谷而少麦。交易用铜钱,以乾元大宝为文。有水牛、驴、羊、犀、象之属。亦有金银细绢花布。多产杉木、罗木,长至十四五丈,径四尺余,土人解为枋板,<font color="blue">以巨舰搬运至吾泉(泉州)贸易,泉人罕至其国。</font>乐有中国、高丽二部。刀楯弓矢以铁为镞,挽射矢不能远,诘其故,以其国中不习战斗。有屋字,父母兄弟卧息异处,饮食用俎豆,嫁娶不持钱帛。死有棺无椁,封土为冢,初丧哭拉不食肉,已葬举家入水洁浴,以祓不祥。举大事则灼骨以占吉凶。不知正岁四时,但计秋收之时以为年纪。人多寿率八九十岁,<font size="6"><font color="red"><b>妇女不淫不妒。</b></font></font>无争讼,或罹于罪,重者族灭,轻者没其妻孥。以金银为贡赋,即其地之陆奥州及别岛所产也。其国自后汉尝通中国,历魏晋宋隋唐,并遣使修朝贡,国朝雍熙元年,国僧奝然与其徒五六人浮海至,以铜器十余事献,极精致。太宗召见,馆于太平兴国寺,赐紫衣方袍,抚之甚厚。闻其王一姓传继,臣下皆世官,因叹息谓宰臣宋琪、李昉日:「此岛夷尔,乃世祚遐久,其臣亦继袭不绝,此古之道也。」夫以一岛夷而动太宗之叹息,岂泰伯用夏变夷之遗风犹有存者欤!</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p></span><p></p><p></p><p></p></h3></span></h3></span>

[ 本帖最後由 使君子 於 2009-8-26 15:01 編輯 ]

使君子 發表於 2009-8-26 15:07:33

海南岛

<span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: -webkit-sans-serif; font-size: 15px; line-height: 19px; "><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><br></h3><h3 style="color: black; background-image: none; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; -webkit-background-clip: initial; -webkit-background-origin: initial; background-color: initial; font-weight: bold; margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.3em; margin-left: 0px; padding-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0.17em; border-bottom-width: initial; border-bottom-style: none; border-bottom-color: initial; font-size: 20px; background-position: initial initial; "><span class="mw-headline">海南</span></h3><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">海南,汉朱崖、儋耳也。武帝平南粤,遣使自徐闻<small>今雷州徐文县。</small>渡海略地,置朱崖、儋耳二郡。昭帝省儋耳并为朱崖郡。元帝从贾捐之议,罢朱崖。至梁、隋复置。唐贞观元年,析为崖、儋、振三州,隶岭南道。五年分崖之琼山置郡,升万安县为州,今万安军是也,儋、振则今之吉阳、昌化军是也。贞元五年以琼为督府,今因之。徐闻有递角场,与琼对峙,相去约三百六十余里,顺风半日可济,中流号三合溜,涉此无风涛,则舟人举手相贺。至吉阳,迺海之极,亡复陆涂。外有洲曰乌里、曰苏密、曰吉浪,南对占城,西望眞腊,东则千里长沙、万里石床,渺茫无际,天水一色,舟舶来往,惟以指南针为则,昼夜守视唯谨,毫厘之差,生死系焉。四郡凡十一县,悉隶广西西路,环拱黎母山,黎獠蟠踞其中,有生黎、熟黎之别。地多荒田,所种杭稌,不足于食,乃以芋杂米作粥糜以取饱,故俗以贸香为业。土产沉香、蓬莱香、鹧鸪斑香、笺香、生香、丁香、槟榔、椰子、吉贝、苎麻、楮皮、赤白藤、花缦、黎幕、靑桂木、花梨木、海梅脂、琼枝菜、海漆、荜拨、高良姜、鱼鳔、黄蜡、石蟹之属,其货多出于黎峒。省民以盐、铁、鱼、米转博,与商贾贸易。泉舶以酒、米、面粉、纱绢、漆器、瓷器等为货,岁杪或正月发舟,五六月间回舶。若载鲜槟榔才先,则四月至。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">琼州在黎母山之东北,郡治即古崖州也。政和间升为节镇,以靖海军为额。濒海少山,秋霖春旱,夏不极热,冬不甚寒,多飓风,常以五六月发,有晕如虹者,谓之飓母。按『隋志』谓「人性轻悍,椎髻卉裳,刻木为符,力穑朴野,父子别业。豪黠共铸铜为大鼓,初成悬于庭,鸣鼓以招同类,至者如云,群情趋服者,号为都老人。着䌷缏,以土为釜,瓠匏为器,无曲蘗,以安石榴花酝酿为酒」。今之上衣无异中土,惟下裳男子用布缦,女子用裙。以纺吉贝为生,土釜至今用之。瓠瓢间以水,酒用薯粮以变色。虽无富民,向俗尚俭约,故无惸独,凶年不见丐者。丁晋公尝贬为州司户,教民读书著文。庆历间,宋侯贯之创郡庠,嘉定庚午,赵侯汝厦新之,祠东坡苏公、澹庵胡公于讲堂之东西偏,扁其堂日「明道」。海口有汉两伏波庙,路博德、马援祠也,过海者必祷于是,得杯珓之吉而后敢济。属邑五:琼山、澄迈、临高、文昌、乐会,皆有市舶,于舶舟之中分三等,上等为舶,中等为包头,下等名蛋舶,至则津务申州,差官打量丈尺,有经册以格税钱,本州官吏兵卒仰此以赡。西二百三十六里,抵昌化军治。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">昌化在黎母山之西北,即古儋州也,子城高一丈四尺,周回二百二十步,旧经以为儋耳夫人驱鬼工,供畚锸,一夕而就。或谓土人耳长至肩,故有儋耳之号。今昌化即无大耳儿,葢黎俗慕佛,以大镮坠耳,俾下垂至肩故也。地无烟瘴水潦之患,气候与中州异,群花皆早发,至春时已尽,独荷花自四五月开至穷腊,与梅菊相接。俗尚淳朴俭约,妇人不曳罗绮,不施粉黛,婚姻丧祭皆循典礼,无饥寒之民。学在东南隅,后迁于西,绍兴间复迁于城东,参政李公光为之记。去州十五里,地名蜑场,忠简赵公鼎谪吉阳,尝过斯地,盛暑苦旱,井泉枯竭,凿井不数尺得泉,至今不涸,号曰「相泉」。又有白马井,泉味甘美,商舶回日,汲载以供日用。灵济庙在鎭安门内,即儋耳夫人祠也。绍兴间封显应夫人。海外黎峒多窃发,惟儋独全,夫人之力也。城西五十余里,一石峰在海洲巨浸之间,形类狮子,俗呼狮子神,实贞利侯庙,商舶祈风于是。属邑三:曰宜伦、曰昌化、曰感恩。南三百四十里抵吉阳军界。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">吉阳军在黎母山之西南,郡治州吉阳县基也。琼管虽有陆路可通,然隔越生黎必峒,再涉海而后至,胡澹庵谓再涉鲸波险是也。郡治之南有海口驿,商人舣舟其下,前有小亭,为迎送之所,地狭民稀,气候不正,春常苦旱,涉夏方雨。耕种不粪不耘,樵牧渔猎与黎獠错杂。出人必持弓矢。妇人不事蚕桑,惟织吉贝、花被、缦布、黎幕,男子不喜营运,家无宿储。俗尚鬼,不事医药,病则宰牲牷,动鼓乐以祀,谓之作福。禁人造门,丧祭亦皆用乐。地多崇冈峻岭,峰峦秀拔,故郡之士人间有能自立者。学在郡城之东北。去城十三里有石,面平如掌,非磨琢之工所能为,周围数丈,可坐十客。林木茂密,涧水甘冽,周侯创结茅亭其上,扁日「清赏」。熟黎峒落稀少,距城五七里许,外即生黎所居,不啻数百峒,时有侵扰之害。周侯遣熟黎峒首谕之,约定寅、酉二日为虚市,率皆肩担背负,或乘桴而来,与民贸易,黎人和悦,民获安息。领吉阳、宁远二县,政和间并为宁远一县。东一百二十里抵万安军界。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">万安军在黎母山之东南。唐贞观五年置万安州,领县三:曰万安、富云、博辽。天宝初更州为郡。至德二载更为万全。乾元初复为州。皇朝省富云、博辽二县,更万安县曰万宁。熙宁六年更为军,析万宁为陵水,今万宁、陵水是也。民与黎蜑杂居。其俗质野而畏法,不喜为盗,牛羊被野,无敢冒认。居多茅竹,瓦屋绝少。妇媪以织贝为业,不事文刺绣。病不服药,信尚巫鬼,杀牲而祭,以祈福佑。黄侯申首创药局,人稍知服药之利。城东有舶主都纲庙,人敬信,祷卜立应,舶舟往来,祭而后行。三郡士子,当岁大比,皆附试于琼管。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">黎,海南四郡岛上蛮也。岛有黎母山,因祥光夜见、旁照四郡,按『晋书』分野属婺女分,谓黎牛婺女星降现,故名黎婺,音讹为黎母。诸蛮环处,其山峻极,常在雾霭中,黎人自鲜识之。秋朗气清时,见翠尖浮插半空。山有水泉涌流,派而为五,一入昌化,一入吉阳,一入万安,一入琼州,一流为大溪,有滩三十六,至长寮村,属澄迈县。一流为小溪,有滩二十四,至朱运村,属乐会县。二水合流为三合水,属琼山县。去省地远者为生黎,近者为熟黎,各以所迩隶于四军州。黎之峒落日以繁滋,不知其几千百也,咸无统属,峒自为雄长,止于王、符、张、李数姓。同姓为婚。省民之负罪者多逋逃归之。其人推髻跣足,插银铜锡钗,妇人加铜环,耳坠垂肩,女及筓即黥颊为细花纹,谓之绣面,女既黥,集亲客相贺庆,惟婢获则不绣面。女工纺织,得中土绮彩,拆取色丝,加木棉,挑织为单幕。又纯织木棉吉贝为布。祭神以牛犬鸡彘,多至百牲。无盐铁鱼虾,以沉香、缦布、木棉、麻皮等,就省地博易。得钱无所用也。屋宇以竹为棚,下居牧畜,人处其上。男子常带长靶刀、长弰,刀弓跬步不离。喜雠杀,谓之捉拗。其亲为人所杀,后见仇家人及其峒中种类,即擒取而械之,械用荔枝木,长六尺许,其状如碓,要牛酒银瓶乃释,谓之赎命。议婚姻折箭为质,聚会椎鼓舞歌。死必杀牛以祭。土产沉水、蓬莱诸香,为香谱第一。漫山悉槟榔、椰子树,小马、翠羽、黄蜡之属。闽商值风飘荡,赀货陷投,多人黎地耕种之。归官吏及省民经由村峒,必舍其家,恃以为安。熟黎之外,海南四州军鎭,其四隅地方千里,路如连环,欲历其地,非一月不可遍。马伏波之平海南也,命陶者作缶器,大者盛水数石,小者盛五斗至二三斗者,招到深峒归降人,即以遗之,任意选择,以测其巢穴之险夷。黎人止取二三斗之小者,诘之云:来时皆悬崖,缘木而下,不取大者,恐将归不得。以是知其峒穴深而险峻不可入。四郡之人多黎姓,葢其裔族。而今黎人乃多姓王。淳熙元年。五指山生黎洞首王仲期,率其傍八十洞,丁口千八百二十归化。仲期与诸洞首王仲文等八十一人诣琼管公参,就显应庙研石歃血约誓改过,不复抄掠,犒赐遣归。琼守图其形状衣裘上经略司,髻露者以降帛约髻根,或以彩帛包髻,或戴小花笠,皆簪二银篦,亦有着短织花裙者,惟王仲期靑巾红锦袍束带。自云祖父宣和中尝纳土补官,赐锦袍云。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; ">物货,海南土产,诸番皆有之,顾有优劣耳。笺、沉等香,味清且长,敻出诸番之右,虽占城、眞腊亦居其次。黄蜡则迥不及三佛齐,较之三屿,抑又劣焉。其余物货多与诸番同,惟槟榔、吉贝独盛,泉商兴贩,大宁仰此。</p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p><p style="margin-top: 0.4em; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0.5em; margin-left: 0px; line-height: 1.5em; "><br></p></span>
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查看完整版本: 宋·赵汝适:《诸蕃志》(节选)