正正 發表於 2009-6-1 19:10:44

连秦始皇都不敢搞的「普通话歧视」

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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">出处</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;新浪<FONT color=navy>裴鈺博客</FONT>&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;<FONT size=4>作者</FONT></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=seagreen size=4><STRONG>裴鈺</STRONG></FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">发表</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun"><SPAN style="mso-spacerun: yes">&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face=Arial color=#595957 size=1>2009-02-11 06:04:06</FONT></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun"><SPAN lang=EN-US></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: SimSun; mso-hansi-font-family: SimSun">【</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转贴】</SPAN></B><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">转贴声明:本帖观点</SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue"><FONT face="Times New Roman"> </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">不代表转贴者的观点。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face=黑體 color=red size=5><STRONG>连秦始皇都不敢搞的「普通话歧视」</STRONG></FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT face=SimHei color=#204967><A href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5052da350100c9k7.html">http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_5052da350100c9k7.html</A></FONT></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>提要:</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秦始皇草创了历史上第一个统一的帝国,做了彪炳史册的几件事,那就是「书同文,车同轨,行同伦</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度同衡,钱同币」,这些举措都为今后大一统的中国奠定了最坚实的基础。但是,我发现,秦始皇没有做的一个事情,就是「语同音」,没有要求国人在生活中说话的口音必须是一致的。秦始皇够狠,不过他也不敢在语言上搞「口音歧视」。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">推广普通话(官话)从明朝就开始了,不过,北京官话独尊成为「国音」的历史,距今仅有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">82</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>当今华语世界有三种「普通话」系统。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>没有方言的保护,就没有地方戏曲的复兴。方言的沦丧,必然导致了地方戏曲的沦丧。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>粤语是美国第三大语言,加拿大第三语言,方言一点也不老土。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>最雷人的普通话口号:普通话——时代的需求,时尚的追求。口音也能分出时尚不时尚?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>香港模式,最好体现了普通话和方言的和谐关系</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>从民族的角度来说,母语是汉语,可是从地域的角度来说,「母语」就是我们的方言。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>消除口音歧视的方法,就是别把口音问题,引向「品味歧视」。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>最近在上海出现的有关普通话和方言的讨论,是属于文化性质的讨论。到底该怎样看待普通话和方言的关系,以及,普通话和方言出现的口音歧视的问题,该如何看待呢?</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:office" /><o:p><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;</FONT></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><FONT color=#000000><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京官话独尊成为「国音」的历史,仅有</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">82</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年</SPAN></B></FONT><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><BR></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>我国推行普通话(官话)的历史很悠久了,明朝灭掉了蒙元之后,明廷主张「壹以中原雅音为正」,以南京音为基础音系,法定南京官话为国家标准语音。朱棣夺位之后,迁都北京,北京官话也开始产生,明代的官话由此分为南北两支,一个是以北京口音为准的北方官话,一个是以南京口音为准的南方官话。不过,整个明朝,仍然以南京官话为国家正音,北京官话的通行范围小,地位低。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>清朝建立之后,定都北京,不过,南京官话是清代官场和知识分子阶层的主流官话。雍正皇帝设立「正音馆」,确立了以北京官话作为国家的正音,北京官话地位随之大幅上升。不过,南京官话一直到了清末依旧有着非常高的地位,清末卢戆章创制汉语拼音,倡议以南京话为全国「各省之正音」。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">北京官话正式成为国家正音,南京官话彻底推出历史舞台的时间,是</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1926</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年。这一年,民国政府制定了「新国音」以北京话的普通读法为标准,最终确立了北京官话作为国语标准音系的地位,距今只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">82</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的时间。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>当今华语世界有三种「普通话」系统</FONT></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">在今天,我们分析文化问题,必须有足够的国际化视野,其实,在当今华语世界,有三种「普通话」系统。一个是大陆的「普通话」,我们不采用「国语」这个称谓,体现了我们对少数民族语言的尊重,这是非常正确的做法。从</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1955</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年开始,推广「普通话」,普通话仍以北京音为基础,与民国的「国语」相比,在多数单字的发音上是相同的,但在音调、词汇等方面上又有所不同。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>第二个「普通话」系统,在我国的台湾地区,沿袭了民国的「国语」称谓,也以民国时期确定的「国音」为标准,不过,其中夹杂着当地方言的口音。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>第三个「普通话」系统,是东南亚华人社区里的「华语」,这个标准语传承了民国的「国音」系统,不过,人们的音调、词汇、语法等方面又受到汉语南方方言,以及英语等非汉语的影响,和大陆、台湾地区的「普通话」又有所不同。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">四大原因导致普通话「难读」</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>我们现在从小学开始普及普通话,可是,真正能够说一口标准口音的普通话,可不是一个容易事,能在生活中彻底摆脱方言口音,独尊普通话口音,更是一个艰难的事情,这是为什么呢?</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">第一,历史原因,上面已经说过,独尊北京官话口音,彻底放弃南京官话口音的历史,只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">82</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年,这个</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">82</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年的时间,和各个地方数千年形成的方言口音相比,太短暂了。其次,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">1955</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年推行的「普通话」口音,至今只有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">53</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年多,更加短暂。我们必须正视这一文化事实。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>第二,大陆地区的普通话存在「超音节发音」的现象,在读词句时,字的发音会有一定的变化,例如变调、轻声、儿化。举一个例子,我们说「女孩」这个词,普通话就会加上儿化音,可是,在香港、台湾地区,则会按照语法来读,不加儿化。再举一个例子,比如「包子」这个词,普通话会轻读「子」字,而天津方言则会按照语法读出「子」音,不会轻读。其实,都是按照语法读出音调,由于轻声、儿化等因素,就会和普通话的音调偏离。这种脱离语法读音的「超音节发音」,是国内各个地区的百姓普通话夹杂方言口音的最主要原因之一。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>第三,迄今为止,最标准的普通话口音,出现在中央电视台的「新闻联播」节目组。按照这个标准,绝大多数人的发音都很难称得上「标准」,都在说着不纯正的普通话。可是,我们也应该实事求是地承认,如此标准的普通话口音,是通过专门系统的长期训练、专业考试而成的,绝大多数人在义务教育、非播音类的高等教育中,不参加国家普通话等级考试,都很难达到这个程度。所以,普通话口音的标准制定,存在着门槛过高的问题。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>第四,普通话、国语、华语,三大「标准汉语口音」在当今华语世界并存,彼此间实现口音一致,目前看来并不现实,而这不同的「标准汉语口音」都会影响人们的日常发音,比如,港台电视剧中使用的「国语」,就会对民间产生巨大的影响。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">历史短暂、超音节发音、门槛过高、三大「标准汉语口音」体系并存,是普通话推广过程中需要克服的文化障碍,这都需要时间来慢慢解决。人们在生活里,一句不差,一词不错的读准普通话的发音,确实不是容易的事情。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></FONT></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>普通话口音的定位到底是什么</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><BR></SPAN></B><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>普通话是新中国的称谓,明清时期,叫「官话」,局限在官场和知识阶层,这说明官话是一种职业性的口音。港台地区学习普通话,则把普通话当作一种交际性的口音,用于商务、旅游等方面的交流范畴。而新加坡等国学习普通话,目的性则更加明确,也是属于交际性的口音。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">真正的问题是,我们自己怎样定位普通话的口音,是定位在交际性的口音,还是定位在生活性的口音呢?前者是让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿人在交际时候使用普通话口音,后者是让</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿人在生活中一句不差,一词不错地使用普通话口音。如果是前者,那就不必消除方言的口音,要是后者,则必须克服方言的口音。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">秦始皇草创了历史上第一个统一的帝国,做了彪炳史册的几件事,那就是「书同文,车同轨,行同伦</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">,</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">度同衡,钱同币」,这些举措都为今后大一统的中国奠定了最坚实的基础。但是,我发现,秦始皇没有做的一个事情,就是「语同音」,没有要求国人在生活中说话的口音必须是一致的。让普通话成为</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿人的生活口音,这个目标的难读的确太大</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">!</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">「口音统一」是否有助于「大一统」呢?我个人在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2000</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多年的统一国家历史中找不到关联。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方言口音承载了非物质文化遗产</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: red"><o:p></o:p></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿人的</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">13</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿张口,难以在生活中,一句不差,一次不错地做出一致的口音,这说明「生活口音」(语同音)这条路是行不通的。如果不是生活口音,那么,方言理应被尊重和保护。我们看陕西秦腔、苏州评弹、沪剧、越剧、豫剧、粤剧、天津时调、山东快板等等,这些地方曲艺和戏曲,都扎根于方言,方言的消失,就意味着这些非物质文化遗产的灭绝,我们不能用普通话唱豫剧、粤剧和沪剧吧,我们总说这些地方曲艺和戏曲越来越缺少观众,诚然有她们的题材原因,但是,我们对方言的保护不足,导致了观众,特别是年轻观众听不懂方言,自然会导致无法欣赏。所以,戏曲改革当然重要,这些地方戏曲的复兴,离不开方言保护的工作。没有方言的保护,就没有地方戏曲的复兴。方言的沦丧,必然导致了地方戏曲的沦丧。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方言非但不老土,而且具有国际地位</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>这次上海发生的普通话和方言事件,从本质上来说,是「口音歧视」的问题。至今,</FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">普通话已经</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT face="Times New Roman">52</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">岁了,上海话快</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT face="Times New Roman">150</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多岁了,粤语的岁数更大,足有</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT face="Times New Roman">2200</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">多年了,有的朋友讽刺粤语是「鸟语」,可是,这「鸟语」是普通话年龄的</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue"><FONT face="Times New Roman">42.3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">倍。</SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方言在有的朋友心里,被认为是老土、村气,他们错误地认为使用普通话才是高贵的,有文化的。其实,这是典型的普通话对方言的口音歧视。</SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">方言非但不老土,而且,具有国际地位,我们用粤语为例,全球粤语使用人口大约有</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">6700</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">万至</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">1.3</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 13.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">亿,使用地区极其广泛。香港文化、南粤文化都以粤语为语言支撑,目前,粤语是美国第三大语言,加拿大第三语言。普通话的国际影响力的确不如粤语这个方言。</SPAN></B></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>当然,我不是贬低普通话的地位,普通话是法定的「国音」,作为官方口音,我们应当遵守法律。</FONT></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT color=#000000></FONT></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>口音歧视是「品味歧视」</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><BR></SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">该如何看待「口音歧视」呢?在这里,我要引用</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Becker</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的「品味歧视」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">(taste discrimination)</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这个概念,对于口音的热爱是无可厚非的,我们从民族的角度来说,母语是汉语,可是从地域的角度来说,「母语」就是我们的方言。「国音」和「母语」在正常文化心态下,一般是不会发生冲突的,只有在文化歧视的心态下,才会发生矛盾。</SPAN></FONT></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 3.75pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 18pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto"><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">Becker</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">认为一个人为了维持歧视的偏好时,将会导致可供交易的对象范围受到限缩,因此他会付出一定程度的代价,这就是「品味歧视」。使用普通话的人狂热自恋,看不起各地方言使用者,根据「品味歧视」的规律,那么传播的范围必定会受到限制。而方言使用者看不起普通话使用者,同样也会收到「限缩」。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>消除口音歧视的方法,就是别把口音问题,引向「品味歧视」。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>郎咸平先生曾经说过一句话,在香港说普通话是一种「光荣」,我不知道他是否是在笑谈,把普通话「光荣化」,那自然人们会问使用方言,使用粤语就不「光荣」了吗?这种思维非常容易滑入「品味歧视」。</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>我们要对新生的普通话加以爱护,去用文化的方式去普及她,推动她的传播。有的地方推动普通话普及,用心是好的,不过,有些口号的确存在着问题。比如:</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.</FONT></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>四海同音,万众一心</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">这就是我说的「语同音」,四海同音,真是做了连秦始皇都做不到的事情。万众一心,并不是靠口音统一。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.</FONT></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>普通话——时代的需求,时尚的追求</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">后半句「时尚的追求」,让人匪夷所思,特别容易导致「品味歧视」,反而不利于普通话的普及。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>当然,更多的普通话宣传口号是积极的,比如</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 1.</FONT></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>沟通——从普通话开始</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 2.</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>推广普通话,公务员要带头</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; 3.</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>实现顺畅交流,构建和谐社会</FONT></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">以上三条,突出了普通话的交际性口音的定位,便利各地人民交流,这样的宣传策略是正确的。</SPAN></FONT><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><FONT face="Times New Roman" color=#000000>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<BR></FONT></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'"><FONT color=#000000>看香港人如何处理普通话和方言</FONT></SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt"><BR></SPAN></B><FONT color=#000000><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">香港特区政府统计处公布</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">2006</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">年中期人口统计简要结果,其中有一段是关于方言和普通话的,我认为值得借鉴。据统计,广州话是香港家庭最常用的语言,大约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">91%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的五岁以上人口在家中以广州话交谈。大约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">40%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的人口报称以普通话为最常用的语言或能说这语言。</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">91%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的五岁以上人口在家中以广州话交谈,这体现了方言作为生活口音的属性;而大约</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><FONT face="Times New Roman">40%</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'">的人口「最常用」或者「能说」普通话,这体现了普通话作为交际语言的重要作用。在生活中使用方言,在交际中使用普通话,两者彼此和谐的相处模式,通过这两组数据,就可以一目了然。</SPAN></FONT></P>
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