中国古代100项重大创果

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:08:19

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[转貼] 转自百度唐朝吧 帖主：大唐风云  发表<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chsdate w:st="on" Year="2007" Month="5" Day="29" IsLunarDate="False" IsROCDate="False">2007-5-29　　</st1:chsdate> 转貼者声明：本帖观点不代表转贴者的观点。<?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p>
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<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国古代<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 22pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">项重大创果 简介 (包括与西方对比）<o:p></o:p>
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我国人民自古以来都有发达的创造性思维，具有发明的光荣传统。例如龙和凤。凤是用鸡头和孔雀身躯及其羽毛组合而成的神奇动物。龙更具有创造性，龙是由马头、鹿身、蛇躯、鹰爪、麟体、鱼尾组合而成的神奇动物。再者，英国著名科学家李约瑟对我国古代的科学和技术成就进行了深入地研究，撰写出世界闻名的巨著《中国的科学与文化》（中译文书名为《中国科学技术史》）。罗伯特·坦普尔在李约瑟博士指导下，于1986年出版了《中国--发现和发明的国度》一书，以简明通俗的文字介绍了中国的一百个「世界第一」。下面按发明先后顺序介绍给大家。  
 1 鼓  传说公元前3500年中国人已有人造的鼓。公元前3000年，做鼓的方法是用兽皮蒙在框架或容器上。到公元前1000年，米索不达米亚的苏默人制成了一人高的圆鼓，鼓身还绘有图画。后来有了小铜鼓和大铜鼓。15世纪骑兵用的大铜鼓，17世纪时开始为乐团采用。1692年蒲塞尔为「仙后」所作的配乐中就用上了。这种鼓现在叫定音鼓，19世纪有了低音大鼓。鼓声可使节拍鲜明，粗犷有力。公元前2世纪中国人发明了定音鼓。  2 二进位制  相传在公元前3000年伏羲发明了二进位制。《周易》就是五经之一的《易经》，它是我国最古老的经典之一。《周易》相传是由约公元前3000年的伏羲画卦、周文王重卦、周公作爻(yao)辞，并经过孔丘修订而成为《易经》。当代的电子计算机用的不是十进制而是二进制。二进制是谁发明的？《周易》中的「易数」用的就是二进制。换句话说就是伏羲发明了二进制，伏羲就是神农。传说神农尝百草才有五谷，我国才有原始农业。伏羲对我国社会的进步可谓大矣！我国北京的先农坛就是为了祭奠神农（即伏羲）而建造的，这里表达炎黄子孙对他的敬佩之情。  3 绳索  公元前2800年，中国人已经掌握了创造麻绳的技术。我国人民开始用大麻纤维制绳。到公元纪元开始时，用大麻纤维已成为世界上大多数地区的主要制绳材料。1775年，英国发明家马虚发明制绳机，结束了手工制绳的时代。从1950年开始用人造纤维制造绳索，直径约<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="2" UnitName="毫米">2毫米</st1:chmetcnv>的马尼拉绳受到<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="5512" UnitName="公斤">5512公斤</st1:chmetcnv>的拉力便会折断，而同样粗的尼龙绳则能承受<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="13227" UnitName="公斤">13227公斤</st1:chmetcnv>的拉力。  4 指南针  相传公元前2700年中国的轩辕黄帝发明了指南针。黄帝用指南针，在大雾中辨别方向，打败了蚩尤。根据史书记载，中国人早在战国时代已使用指南针。公元前3世纪的《韩非子》中说，战国时代已有人用「司南」（指南针）。宋代沈括《梦溪笔谈》对此记载更详。1090年，中国和阿拉伯航海家开始在船上装设了指南针。作导航工具。欧洲在11世纪左右，才用浮在水上的磁针制成指南针。1250年左右，在地中海地区指南针的磁制已装在有度的卡片上面，并以中央旋轴保持平衡。  16世纪时把指南针镶在带平架上，在船上发挥作用。19世纪铁船用指南针要装上一片弗林德斯顿铁，以校正船的磁力所引起的误差。20世纪制成的船和飞机用陀螺罗盘仪指南针。根据旋转顶点稳定姿态与星体有关的原理，陀螺罗盘有两大优点：既不因接近金属而偏转，双指向真正北而不是磁北。1908年德国制成世界上第一台此类实用仪器。最优良的指南针是美国人斯波里所制。1910年在「德拉威」号船上试验成功，很快就被美国海军采用。总之，指南针是我国四大发明之一，后来传遍全世界为全球航海业等方面的发展做出了很大贡献。  5 养鱼法  公元前2500年中国人已经懂得养鱼。那时我国人民能用人工孵化鱼卵，把它养大食用。1960-1970年代，欧美才用人工养殖蛙鱼等鱼类。英国等西欧国家现在每年由养鱼场生产淡水养鱼约有10万吨。  6 赤道式天文仪  公元前2400年，中国人发明了赤道式天文仪。  7 十进计数制  中国人于公元前14世纪，发明了十进计数制。在现代科学中是十分重要的，欧洲人正式采用它的最早时间的证据，是公元976年的一份西班牙手稿中发现的，而中国早在公元前14世纪的商朝，便已经采用了。在出土的公元前13世纪的甲骨文中，见有中国人用十进制记述了「547天」的实例。  8 印刷术  公元前1324年，中国人已会雕刻印章，用墨水印在文件上，印刷术是世界上第一种传播媒介，有了它才可把资料信息传播出去。印刷术是我国的四大发明之一。我们中国人从古时候起就使用印章，刻上人名或官衔。印章本来是官衔的标职，到公元 前1324年，又开始用来加盖在文件上；最初是用墨水，到公元五、六世纪才开始用红色印泥。中国印章大多用皂石、玉石、竹子甚至象牙雕刻而成。中国人认为，有印章为凭的文件书信和票据经签字更可靠。现在的印刷书籍中，最古老的是《金刚经》，由中国人王 印刷，如今已成孤本。868年中国人发明了雕版印刷术，《金刚经》是凸版印刷，它是一幅5．<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="25" UnitName="米">25米</st1:chmetcnv>的卷轴，用多块长<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="91" UnitName="厘米">91厘米</st1:chmetcnv>，宽<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="36" UnitName="厘米">36厘米</st1:chmetcnv>的刻版印的。后来落在英国人手中，现藏于伦敦大英博物馆。  1040年代中国刻字工人毕升在北京历年间发明了活字印刷术，泥六面体活字模，加热变硬，按韵排在转盘上。印时把活字铺在有松脂、腊等粘合物的铁板上，周围用铁框扎紧，放在火上加热使粘合物熔化，冷却后活字就粘在铁板上了。印完后烤热铁板取出活字，以备日后再用。1403年朝鲜的李太宗创办了最早的金属铸字工厂（当时朝鲜也用方块字），又过了30年朝鲜参照古印度的梵文，创造了一套拼音字母以代替方块字。现在的朝鲜文有40个字母，只需要少量字母就可拼出所有的字。1438年在德国梅茵兹城古腾堡居住的根弗第谢（德国人）创造了一套浇涛金属字母活字的模具。用硬金属雕出凸模字，再用锤字把凸模字压在软铜上，制出凹模，用凹模排在框架上印刷。到15世纪时大概已开始采用铅锡合金。他在1451年印出欧洲第一本用活字印刷的书--《多纳托斯拉丁文法》。约在1453年开始印刷拉丁文圣经。他的印刷机是用普通的螺旋压榨机改装的。把一页为一个印版面上放在印刷的印台上，刷上油墨，铺上纸张，用装在螺旋下的压印板加压。一天才能排一页，每小时只能印16张左右。
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1457年，福斯特和舒奥佛发明了多色印刷，印出第一本双色书--拉丁圣诗。1461年，班堡的靠士特把木刻版与活字印刷结合起来，印出第一本有插图的书--德文的寓言，共有101张插图。1470年法国人让森在威尼斯设计出第一批罗马活字。1477年托雷米绘制了《世界地图》，用凹版印刷术印出，共26幅铜版印制。不易仿制，纸面上的油墨稍微鼓起，特点较多，易辨真伪，所以仍用于印刷钞票、邮票和有价证券等。1501年意大利人格里福出了一套斜体字；1561年他把这些字缩小印出袖珍本书籍。（西方的斜体字主要用于强调字句。）1620年，荷兰的伯靳奥发明了收字方便印刷术，每小时可印150份。1642年德国的赛根发明了镂刻凹版印刷法，最适于印画，首幅画是德国伊利莎伯爵夫人的肖像。  1107年，中国人还发明了彩色印刷术。600多年后，1719年，德国的勒布朗设计的彩色印刷机取得了专利权。印出第一部书是《油画色彩之调和》。1727年英国苏格兰金匠格特发明了浇铸铅版法。1775年法国人迪多制订了量度活字大小的单位。1798年德国的逊纳菲尔德发明平版印刷法，最适于印插图。1875年英国首先使用胶印法，把图像印到橡皮布上，然后正式印到弹性所需的材料上。1800年，英国的斯坦贺制成第一台铁架印刷机代替了木制印刷机。每小时可印250张。1810年德国 人在伦敦工作的哥尼格取得了蒸汽印刷机的专利权（机械化的手动印刷机），每小时可印400页。1812年德国人哥尼格和鲍尔设计出滚筒式滚压印刷机。《泰晤士报》卖了这台机器，每小时可印1100张。后来哥尼格还设计了每次能印两面的印刷机。  1839年英、美、俄三国分别发明了电铸版。用电铸金属板来代替木刻印板。1845年纽约的荷奥取得了第一架实用轮转印刷机专利。费城的《纪事报》购买了这台机器。1848年伦敦《泰晤士报》的工程师阿普斯和考珀设计了一台轮转印刷机，在此报运用，每小时能印8000张。1861年美国荷奥采用纸型制出的曲面铅版，从此有了完全圆形的印刷版面。1852年，英国照相技术先驱塔尔博特发现了钢线凸版印刷的原理，1880年首先采用这种办法在纽约《画报》上复印一张照片，标题是「纽约贫民窟一景」。1886年德国人默根索勒在美国工作发明了高速自动排字的策诺整排机，此机用于《纽约时报》。两年后正式投产，每小时可排字模6000个左右，速度是最熟练工人的四倍。1887年英国公务员兰斯顿发明了排字精良的莫诺铸排机，此机于1897年正式投入生产。在此之前，1477年前人们就知道雕刻铜凹版印刷法；1895年奥地利人克利克发明了照相凹版法；1839年，许布约在美国发明了照相排字机。从此印刷商不要金属活字，并改用平板印刷代替传统的凸版印刷。此法是把字母相继投射到照相纸上面，然后冲洗出来，贴到一页样本上。这张拼好的版用照相机转拍在金属板的感光膜上，经过酸蚀，使这块印版具有1798年逊纳菲尔德发明的石印版的性能；油墨只附着于版上有图形的地方。现在，照相排字法已经取代了绝大多数传统的排字方式。  1965年德国发明了电子照相排字机之后，开始了用电脑控制排字时代。先进印刷厂是整页版面可在电脑屏幕上设计，设计者一页版面编排妥当之后，就用电脑记忆装置把全部内容存贮起来，包括文字、标题、图片位置等等。然后，由电脑控制的激光器在照相纸上扫描，把整个版面的图像印出来，再用照相法制成印版进行印刷，这叫激光照排法。当今世界上很多大型报刊都用先进方法进行排印，例如我国的《科技日报》、《中国电视报》和《北京晚报》等，都采用了此先进的印刷技术。  9 漆--世界第一种塑料  中国人最迟在公元前13世纪已经发明使用了漆。1976年在河南省安阳市发掘出的「妇好」墓（葬于公元13世纪），她的上过漆的棺木就是证明。李约瑟说：「漆可能是人类所认识的最古老的工业塑料。」在古代中国，油漆业的组织和管理很有章法，有私人的油漆作坊，也有国家的制作中心。巴黎东方艺术博物馆存有一只油漆的木酒杯，杯上雕刻的铭文除说明该杯制作于公元四年外，还刻有参加制作的七名工匠和制作中心的五位官员的名字。这个木酒杯表现了中国人两千年前就有对制造工艺的看法；另一方面，这个杯子还表明当时的生产很可能已使用现代的工业生产的流水线那样的工艺流程。早在公元前二世纪，中国人已发现了漆的重要化学性质，发现了通过漆的蒸发过程使其变质的方法，发现了通过在漆中放几只螃蟹壳，漆就会保持液状，不会变干。公元前120年的《淮南子》一书和公元12世纪的李氏都提到螃蟹壳能使漆保持液态的特殊功能。现代科学家化验证实，甲壳体组织内确有抑制某些酶的活动的化学成份，其中一种酶就是漆变硬的酶。漆可以通过化学作用保持长久的液态，这使中国的这项生物化学工艺具有不衰的工业雏形模式。  10 底影铜镜  约公元前12世纪中国人发明了铜镜。中国人于公元5世纪还发明了魔镜；英国结晶学家威廉·布莱格到1932年，系统地阐明了魔镜的理论，比中国晚了一千五百年左右。魔镜是世界上最奇异的物品之一。魔镜有何奇妙之处呢？在魔镜的反面铸有青铜图案--图像或文字，或二者兼而有之。反射光线的一面为凸状，是由经抛光处理的青铜制成用作镜面。在大多数照明情况下，这种镜子看上去与其它的普通镜子无异。但是，在明亮的阳光下使用魔镜时，它反光的一面就能被「看透」。用镜面将阳光反射到暗色的墙上，人们就能从投在墙壁上的影像中看到镜面的图案或文字。坚实的青铜制品变得透明了，这种令人感到神秘不解的现象使中国人给魔镜取了透光镜名称。青铜是不透光的，然而实际使人感到透光，这是为什么？这奥妙之深让中外学者探讨了几百年，中国的科学家沈活和外国科学家威廉·布莱格爵士都发表过高见。威廉·布莱格爵士于1932年发现这一奥妙时说：「正是反射的放大作用使图案清楚地显现出来。」李约瑟正确地将这一切称为「是在通向掌握金属表现微细结构道路上迈出的第一步。」
 
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:23 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:09:32

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11 伞  公元前1100年，中国人已经使用伞，那时已经用伞表示身份。伞骨用竹或檀香木制成，上面覆以树叶或羽毛做的伞面。公元12世纪英语才出现「伞」这个词。以前一直只有阳伞，到1733年代，巴黎人用油布做伞面，才制成雨伞。1750年，英国的汉威到外国旅行后带了一把伞面回伦敦，轰动一时。1874年雪靠耳附近迪卡地区的金属拉丝工霍克斯取得弧形钢质伞骨的专利权。有了此伞骨，伞可以收紧，从此成为英国绅士常用的雨具。1930年柏林人豪普特发明了伸缩伞。在学术界也有人说，公元4世纪三国时期中国人才发明了伞。  12 风筝  公元前1000年，中国人最先放风筝。早在信史之前，传说中国人已会放风筝。相传公元前四世纪，中国著名工匠鲁班（即公输班）做了一只风筝，升空三日而不坠。还有一个故事说一名将军包围了王宫，利用风筝测量宫墙与己方军队的距离。风筝可用于送砖上屋或在风筝尾部系上鱼钩钓鱼。公元1600年，东方的风筝（菱形）由荷兰人传到了欧洲。19世纪英国发明家克雷由风筝产生灵感而发明滑翔机。德克萨斯州演员科迪「上尉」，曾利用风筝拖动折叠式小艇，横渡英伦海峡；1901年再接再励，乘坐双箱形风筝飞行，使英国陆军部大感兴趣。不久，飞机取代了军用风筝，而科迪「上尉」也在1913年驾驶他的新双翼飞机时失事遇难。1970年，美国太空计划设计了各种「飞行翼」，使风筝再次成为成年人的玩意儿，例如罗格乐乐折叠飞行翼，本是专为水星号太空船仓安全着陆而设计的，后来被降落伞取代了；但这种折叠翼，结果成为今日悬挂式滑翔机的机翼。风筝飞上天空为飞机飞上天空提供了原理和灵感。   <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="True" SourceValue="13" UnitName="米"><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="13" UnitName="米">13 </st1:chmetcnv>米</st1:chmetcnv>酒  公元前1000年，中国人发明了米酒。  14 弓箭  中国人于公元前8世纪发明了弓箭。公元前200年中国人已发明了弩弓。它主要用于打仗和狩猎，可卧射、立射、骑射，威力甚大。而欧洲的意大利在公元10世纪才使用弓，比我国晚了一千二百年。  15 古代机器人  公元前770年至公元前256年东周时期，中国人就已发明了古代机器人。当今世间，只要谈及机器人，言必欧美、东洋；然而可曾知道世界上最早制出古代机器人的，是我们中国人。我国制出的古代机器人不仅精巧，而且用途也很广泛，有各式各样的机器人。会 跳舞的机器人、会唱歌吹笙的机器人、持赚钱的机器人和会捉鱼的机器人……等，应有尽有。  会跳舞的机器人。我国唐朝的段安希说：西汉时期，汉武帝在平城、被匈奴单于冒顿围困。汉军陈平得知冒顿妻子阏氏所统的兵将，是国中最为精锐骠悍的队伍，但阏氏具有妒忌别人的性格。于是陈平就命令工匠制作了一个精巧的木机器人。给木机器人穿上漂亮的衣服，打扮得花枝招展，并把它的脸上擦上彩涂上胭脂，显得更加俊俏。然后把它放在女墙（城墙上的短墙）上，发动机关（机械的发动部分），这个机器人就婀娜起舞，舞姿优美，招人喜爱。阏氏在城外对此情景看得十分真切，误把这个会跳舞的机器人为真的人间美女，怕破城以后冒顿专宠这个中原美姬而冷落自己，因此阏氏就率领她的部队弃城而去了。平城这才化险为夷。  会唱歌吹笙的机器人。唐代的机器人更为精巧神奇，唐朝人张骛在《朝野全载》中说：洛州的殷文亮曾经当过县令（相当于「县长」），性格聪巧，喜好饮酒。他刻制了一个木机器人并且给它穿上用绫罗绸缎做成的衣服；让这个机器人当女招待。这个「女招待」酌酒行觞，总是彬彬有礼。  会赚钱的机器人。唐朝时，我国杭州有一个叫杨务廉的工匠，研制了一个僧人模样的机器人，它手端化缘铜钵，能学和尚化缘，等到钵中钱满，就自动收起钱。并且它还会向施主躬身行礼。杭州城中市民争着向此钵中投钱，来观看这种奇妙的表演。每日它竟能为主人捞到数千钱，真可称为别出心裁，生财有道。
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会唱歌吹笙的机器人。唐代的机器人更为精巧神奇，唐朝人张骛在《朝野全载》中说：洛州的殷文亮曾经当过县令（相当于「县长」），性格聪巧，喜好饮酒。他刻制了一个木机器人并且给它穿上用绫罗绸缎做成的衣服；让这个机器人当女招待。这个「女招待」酌酒行觞，总是彬彬有礼。  会赚钱的机器人。唐朝时，我国杭州有一个叫杨务廉的工匠，研制了一个僧人模样的机器人，它手端化缘铜钵，能学和尚化缘，等到钵中钱满，就自动收起钱。并且它还会向施主躬身行礼。杭州城中市民争着向此钵中投钱，来观看这种奇妙的表演。每日它竟能为主人捞到数千钱，真可称为别出心裁，生财有道。  会捉鱼的机器人。唐代的机器人还用于生产实践。唐朝的柳州史王据，研制了一个类似水獭的机器人。它能沉在河湖的水中，捉到鱼以后，它的脑袋就露出水面。它为什么能捉鱼呢？如果在这个机器人的口中放上鱼饵，并安有发动的部件，用石头缒着它就能沉入水中了。当鱼吃了鱼饵之后，这个部件就发动了，石头就从它的口中掉到水中，当它的口合起来时，它衔在口中的鱼就跑不了啦，它就从水中浮到水面。这是世界上最早用于生产的机器人。   此外，在《拾遗录》等书中，还记载了古代机器人登台演戏、执灯伴瞎等机巧神妙。  16 分行栽培与精细耕地法  公元前6世纪，中国人发明了分行栽培与精细耕地法；欧洲人到1731年才使用此项技术，比中国晚了二千四百年左右。  17 铁犁  公元前6世纪，中国人发明了铁犁。欧洲人到17世纪才使用铁犁，比中国晚了二千三百年左右。公元1050年，中国人还发明了犁镜，给犁装上犁镜，便于翻土，从而提高了农业产量。大约公元前3500年，米索不达米亚平原农夫发明了牛拉犁具。犁是人类早期开始耕地的农具，中国人大约自商代起已使用耕牛拉犁，木身石铧。公元前500年，欧洲农夫造出了铁犁，犁前有二个轮了和一个犁刃（即犁铧）。中国战国时期在木犁铧上套上了V形铁刃，俗称铁口犁。犁架变小，轻便灵活，更可以调节深浅，大大提高了耕作效率。欧洲人于1700年代开始用先进的罗瑟兰犁、兰塞姆金铁犁和播种机。1830年美国移民开始用迪尔铜犁，其他各大洲也开始用铜犁。总之，犁的发明、应用和发展，凝聚了中国人和世界其他各位发明家的心血，并显现了他们的智慧。  18 大定音钟  中国人于公元前6世纪发明了大定音钟；欧洲人到公元1000年才有定音钟，比中国晚了一千六百年左右。  19 长明灯  大约在公元前589年，中国人发明了长明灯。灯蕊为石棉；灯油为海豹油或鲸油。  20 算盘  公元前550年中国人发明了算盘，用于计算，也是自古以来商业上广泛应用的计算工具，后来传到世界各地，到12世纪才逐渐被现代阿拉伯数字所取代。到20世纪前苏联和远东地区很多人仍然使用算盘，生塑算盘代替木竹算盘。目前世界上电子计算器和电子计算机有代替算盘的趋向，但因为算盘价格低廉，所以，用电子计算机在全世界完全代替算盘，至少还需要十年。
 
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:24 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:10:15

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21 地毯  公元前五百年地毯已在中国应用。已知最早的地毯起源于公元前五世纪的中国和伊朗。1606年，法国巴黎附近最早用上了织机编织的地毯。现在的地毯变为人造纤维和羊毛编织而成。  22 双动式活塞风箱  中国人于公元前5世纪发明了双动式活塞风箱。西方于16世纪才用双动式活塞风箱。比中国晚了二千一百年左右。  23 水涌钵   公元前5世纪，中国人发明了水涌钵。  24 空位表零法  中国人在公元四世纪以前就开始用空位表示零，中国的算盘就是这样表示的。按照西方的传统说法，用符号 <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="」">0 </st1:chmetcnv>来表示零，是印度人在公元九世纪发明的，它出现在公元870年瓜摩尔的碑文中。但是，实际上，符号「<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="」">0」</st1:chmetcnv>的出现要比这早得多。在公元683年柬埔寨和苏门答腊的碑文中，以及在公元686年苏门答腊附近的邦加岛上的碑文中，均出现这一符号。一些专家认为，这些国家出现的零的符号，是由中国传过去的，而他们又将这符号传到印度。零非常重要，如果忽视了零，那么现代技术就会瓦解。当然用空位表示零这是中国人的一项发明，然而我们并不是说使用「<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="」">0」</st1:chmetcnv>符号的绝对优先权属于我国，因为直到1247年「<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" TCSC="0" NumberType="1" Negative="False" HasSpace="False" SourceValue="0" UnitName="」">0」</st1:chmetcnv>符号才第一次在我国印刷品中出现，尽管我们确信至少在一个世纪以前就已经使用这个符号了，但没有人知道，这个表示零的符号中国人在何时、何地首先使用的，这是需要进一步考证的。  25 化学武器  利用毒气进行化学战的历史，在中国至少可以追溯到公元前四世纪早期。在墨家早期著作中，就有关于利用风箱把在炉子内燃烧的芥末释放出来的气体，打入围城敌军隧道的记载。这比第一次世界大战中德国利用堑壕芥子气早2300年。中国人化学武器有下列几种：「粪弹」，这是毒气弹的雏形。「飞砂弹」，它是将一管火药放在陶罐里，火药的成份是生石灰、松香、有毒植物的乙醇提取之。把这种武器从城墙上放下去，随即炸开，致命毒物四散。「催泪弹」，公元二世纪中国人便使用催泪弹，它所产生的烟雾很快地使人泪如泉涌。海脉油、四川漆和海星等毒汁会使敌人声音嘶哑。我国有的毒物能使敌人肌肉腐烂直至露出白骨。火矛包含着砒霜和一般的毒物。1540年贝林古西奥所著的《烟火药学》一书中说，火矛被燃后，就吐出「炽热地火舌，有两三步远，使人毛骨悚然」。在欧洲，直到1580年，砷才作为一种深受欢迎的东西，但在17世纪它被汞烟球所代替，这是当时中国奉献给世界的礼物之一。  26 马胸带换具   大约在公元前4世纪中国人发明马胸带换具。在此之前，西方在公元8世纪换马的惟一手段是「项前肚带换具」。这是一种不合理的方法，因为皮带勒在喉部，意味着马一旦使出最大力气就会立即窒息死亡。我国发明的马胸带换具克服了这一缺点。我国的这项发明后来通过中亚传到了欧洲。欧洲考古学家在公元7至10世纪的古墓中发现了胸带换具遗物。  27 石油照明法  大约于公元前4世纪，中国人发明了石油照明法和天然气照明法。  28 铸铁术  公元前4世纪，中国人发明了铸铁术。  29 马肩套挽具  公元前四世纪至公元前一世纪，中国人发明了马肩套换具。这比在欧洲出现胸带具后一百年出现的肩套换具要早一千年。中国人还发现，肩套换具可以用另一种更简单的方式：换绳可以拴在肩套（项圈的两侧，直接套在车上）。正是这种形式的肩套换具，今天仍在全世界普遍采用。  30 硝石鉴别方法  中国人在公元前3世纪以前发现了硝。这比西方早2000年。在发明火药之前，首先必须认识到并且获得它的三种成分中最重要的成分，这就是硝石。西方在中世纪以前不知有此物，欧洲缺少此物，而中国资源丰富，并且可区别于其他矿物而予以提纯。鉴别硝石是根据颜色反应。硝石燃烧发出紫色火焰可证实钾的存在。中国人至少在公元前3世纪就会用此法鉴别硝石的存在。中国人发现硝石为后来发明火药奠定了基础。
 
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:26 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:10:50

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31灵渠--世界上第一条等高运河  西方于公元13世纪才建了等高运河，比中国晚了一千六百年左右。  32 立体地图  中国人最迟在公元前3世纪就发明了立体地图。在司马迁写的《史记》中，就记过了一张公元前210年绘制的秦始皇墓地图。书上写道：「以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输，上具天文，下具地理。」1985年6月《每日电讯》的一篇报导说：秦始皇墓地虽然还没有打开，但是可能已经发现了。据说是墓入口处的地方发现了微量的水银。考古学家猜测这可能就是上述立体地图上所示的水银。  早在公元前3世纪，中国有名的蓬莱仙山的地图就出现在罐子和香炉上。这对以后立体地图绘制技巧的发展有着十分重大的影响。公元32年将军马援讲到的军事立体地图，河谷山脉的模型是用糯米制作的。此外，还出现了木刻的立体地形图，大科学家沈括在《梦溪笔谈》中曾记述了这种地图。1130年黄裳也制作了一张木刻立体地图。此图后来引了哲学家朱熹的兴趣，他千方百计地收集木刻地形图，以便进行研究。他自己也有时用粘土，有时用木刻制作立体地形图。黄裳在一部《鹤林玉露》里，还讲述了朱熹制作的一幅地形图的情况：「（朱熹）尝欲以木作华夷图，刻山水凹凸之势。合木八片为之。以雌雄榫镶入，可以折。度一人之力可以负之。每出则以自随，后竟未能成。」  很可能立体地形图的制作由中国传到阿拉伯，后又传到了欧洲。1510年，保罗·多克斯制作了欧洲最早的地形图，绘出了奥地利的库夫施泰因的邻近地区。阿拉伯人伊贝·巴蒂塔（公元1304-1377年）叙述了他在直布罗陀看到一张立体地形图。中国以外的国家有关立体地形图的记载没有比这更早了。  33 吊桥  中国人李冰于公元前3世纪在四川省灌县修建了安蓝桥。这是世界最早修建的竹缆链桥。它总长为<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="320" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0">320米</st1:chmetcnv>，有八个孔，整个结构中没有一块金属材料。此吊桥上铺了板便于人们行走。这种用竹了做的索桥是极有效的，整个缆索是以竹子为内芯，外边包着从竹子外层劈下的竹条（蔑片）编成的「辫子」。编成辫子是因为蔑片把内芯缠得越紧，缆索的强度就越大，从而增加了安全因素。并且，中国人于公元1世纪又发明了铁吊桥。这桥可用于通行车辆。1655年到中国访问的西方人马丁·马蒂尼曾描述过贵州境内一条河上的铁索桥，并编在那个时期有名的巨著《中国图集新编》中。西方的第一座吊桥，即温奇桥。是公元1741年建成的，跨于英格兰的提兹河上，它只有缆索而没有桥面供车辆通行。由于欧洲人于1809年才建成第一座可以通行车辆的吊桥，因此在这方面中国人比西方要领先1800年以上。  34 记谱法  公元前221年以前，中国人已发明了记谱法。二千多年前，中国的战国时期已有管色谱，是中乐12律的简号。约公元1200年科隆的弗兰科在其著作中创造了一套节拍符号，把律音分为四种长短，逐渐演变成现代化的记谱法。  35 造纸术  公元前200年左右，中国人发明了造纸术。公元105年东汉时期的蔡伦制出了蔡侯纸。造纸术是中国四大发明之一。
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纸张发明以前，人类在石头、粘土和木头上刻字，还在树叶和树皮上写字；有的在竹了、纸莎草结和羊皮上写字。我国先秦时期，大臣向天子或皇帝交一封建议书，把其内容写在竹子上，这一封建议书就需要两人抬着它进献给国家元首，实在太不方便。到公元200年左右中国人发明了造纸术。过去史称105年东汉时期的蔡伦发明了造纸术。但从出土的时期纸来看有史料记载分析，中国人早在蔡伦之前已懂得造纸，蔡伦只是总结了民间造纸的经验，加以改进和提高，制出了较优质的蔡侯纸。蔡伦用树皮、麻头、鱼网和破布作原料，制成的纸已适于书写。纸的发明和普及，对促进文明有极大的作用。公元七世纪时，造纸法流传到日本，到公元711年，阿拉伯人入侵西班牙时才传入欧洲。他们称此称为布料纸。从中国陕西省一座古墓出土的纸张，是世界上最早的纸，这纸约在公元前200年~100年制成。这是中国人发明造纸术的有力证明。  36 降落伞  公元前2世纪中国人发明了降落伞。许多人都知道达·芬奇留下了降落伞的草图，这标志着欧洲人最初产生制造降落伞提法的时间。但是远在达·芬奇1500年前，中国人已经发明了降落伞，并且在实际生活中极其成功地运用了它。何以为证？我们可以从中国最伟大的历史学家司马迁的名著《史记》中找到最早的文学记载，此书完成于公元前90年。他是把降落伞看作是很久以前的古物这一事实，证明了降落伞的起源至少可以追溯到公元前2世纪。  中国人在中世纪使用降落伞的例子，叙述了1192年在广州亲眼目睹的一些事情。那时候云集了不少阿拉伯人，他们曾亲自看到过中国人使用降落伞。法国人西蒙在《历史性的关系》一书中也说过，他曾亲眼看到过中国人使用降落伞表演杂技。中国确实是发明降落伞的国家，用伞当作降落伞是其古老的传统！西方人利诺曼德于1783年，多次从树顶或房顶上跳下去，结果很成功，他把这叫降落伞；这比中国人发明降落伞晚了一千九百多年。  37 焰火  公元前2世纪，中国人发明了焰火。  38 微型热气球  公元前二世纪中国人发明微型热气球。最早的微型热气球是用蛋壳制造的。在那个时期写的《淮南万毕术》一书里提到，借助于燃烧着的引火物，蛋壳可以飞上天空。其作法是：用一个鸡蛋，去掉蛋黄和蛋清，然后点燃放入其孔中的引火物艾蒿。蛋壳就可以自行升空飞走。  热气球也有用纸做成的。一位于1939年侨居在中国云南省丽江地区的名叫彼得·古拉特的外国人，他曾写书说，他曾目睹过中国人放纸扎热气球的情景。  39 墨水  公元前二世纪中国人发明了墨水。这时埃及人也制成墨水。古代中国人和埃及人用油灯的油烟和水跟明胶混合制成墨水，这是世界上最早的墨水。1834年英国的史蒂芬斯开始在英国制造出书写用的墨水，15年之后才大量生产。1860年代，英德发明了人造墨染料。墨水的发明促进了世界文化的发展。  40 曲柄摇手  公元前2世纪，中国人发明曲柄摇手；西方于公元9世纪才使用曲柄摇手，比中国晚了七百年左右。
 
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 15:03 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:11:29

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<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">41 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">耧<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国人发明了耧，实际上就是一种多管播种机；而西方到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1566<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年才制成条播机，比中国晚了一千八百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">42 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">旋转式扬谷扇车<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">2<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国人发明了旋转式扬谷扇车。到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">18<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪初，西方才有了扬谷扇车，比中国晚了二千年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">43 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">平衡环<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">140<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人房风发明了平衡环，公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">189<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年中国人丁缓又改进了平衡环，后来传到了欧洲。到公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">9<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，著名科学家罗伯特·霍克等人应用该装置的原理造出了万向接头。就是这项发明使汽车的自动能量传输成为可能。中国人发明的平衡环比西方领先<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">700<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">44 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">白兰地与威士忌<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">：<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">126<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人发明了白兰地和威士忌，直到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1570<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年这种制酒法才传到欧洲，并引起欧洲人的轰动。制白兰地酒欧洲人比中国人晚了一千四百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">45 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">豆腐<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">125<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人刘安发明了豆腐。同年，中国人还发明了激素结晶体提取法，这比欧洲人领先了二千二百年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">46 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">走马灯<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">121<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年中国人发明了走马灯。约公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">180<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年丁缓制出一个「九层博山炉」（走马灯）。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪中国人还制出了「马赛灯」。西方人约翰·巴特于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1634<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年描述了走马灯，比中国晚了一千七百多年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">47 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">百炼法<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">--<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">用生铁炼钢法<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">120<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人发明了用生铁炼钢法，也称「百炼法」。而西方到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1856<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年才开始用生铁炼钢，比中国晚了二千年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">48 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">指南车<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年左右西汉时期，中国发明了指南车（也有传说黄帝时期中国人就发明了指南车）。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">49 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">曲柄<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">大约公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年中国人发明了曲柄。并在实践中得到了应用。当时中国人把一根棍子弯成一个直角，类似摇转手柄。曲柄应用很广，如用于转动石磨等。曲柄在机械上可用来把往复运动转为旋转运动。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1400<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年有人把曲柄与连杆垂直相连，转动曲柄，连杆便作往复运动，可用于水力机械、拉风箱和锯木头等等。曲柄和连杆是蒸汽机的主要组件，可以使活塞的往复运动转为旋转运动，驱动机器。如今的汽油和柴油引擎中，曲柄和连杆也起同样的作用。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">50 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">独轮车<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">  <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元前<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国人发明了独轮手推车；而西方到公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">11<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪才使用独轮车，比中国晚了一千二百年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> 
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正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:12:05

- 51 密封实验室  公元前1世纪，中国人发明并建造了密封实验室。  52 传动带  公元前15世纪，中国人发明了传动带。欧洲人用传动带是1430年，比中国晚了一千四百多年。  53 滑动测绘仪  中国人于公元5年发明了滑动测绘仪。而西方到1638年才使用滑动测绘仪，比中国晚了一千六百多年。同年，中国人还发明了十进位小数。随着十进位制在中国的确立，十进位小数也出现在中国。公元5年刘歆在一标准量器所作的铭文中，提到了一个长度准确到9．5个单位。公元3世纪刘徽对《九章算术》注释中，记述了一个1．355尺的直径。在运用十进位小数中扬辉和秦九韶两位卓越的数学家有很大贡献。后来，十进位小数概念由我国逐渐传给了西方。在这方面欧洲要晚于中国1600年。  54 水力风箱  公元31年中国人发明了水力风箱。《后汉书》记载了南阳太守杜诗发明以水为动力、用于铸造铁制农具的水力风箱（鼓风水排）的事情。并精辟评价说：它「用力少而建功多，百姓便之。」。后来发明家杜预对这种风箱作了大量改进，鼓风水排代代流传，越来越广泛地传遍了全中国。而欧洲直到公元13世纪，才开始使用鼓风水排，这比中国晚1200年。在大规模工业加工过程中，中国人利用水利的创举是现代社会以前能源供给中最有意义的突破之一。它是朝工业革命迈出的重大步伐之一。
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55 龙骨水车  公元80年，中国人发明了龙骨水车；而欧洲第一架方形板叶的龙骨水车制于16世纪，是直接以中国的设计为模式而制作的，比中国晚了一千五百年左右。  56 船尾舵  公元1世纪，发明了船尾舵；而西方到公元1180年才在教堂的雕刻上出现了舵，比中国晚了一千一百年左右。  57 瓷器  中国人于公元1世纪发明了瓷器。西晋时期的人，用高岭土、长石和石英为原料，烧制成洁白细密的饮食器皿。西方到18世纪才有瓷器，比中国晚了一千七百年左右。  58 地动仪  公元132年中国人张衡发明了地震探测器?D?D地动仪。张衡是一位东汉时期的皇家天文学家，他写过很多书，其中一本是《浑仪》。他曾设想地球是与九个大陆一起是在无限空间的球。在中国他第一个介绍了地理上经线与纬线的交叉网络。这时，张衡还发明了浑天仪。浑天仪显示了宇宙中各主要星球的相对位，地动仪则可预测地震发生的地区，甚为精巧。外国人德拉·奥特弗耶于1703才设计出第一台现代地震仪。这比张衡发明的古代地震仪--地动仪要晚1571年。  59 催泪弹  公元2世纪，中国人发明了催泪弹。  60 船中水密舱  中国人于公元二世纪发明了船中水密舱。至少从公元2世纪以来，无论传统的中国航船的船壳被碰破一个多么大的洞，船也是不会沉没的。这是何种绝技产生这样良好效果？这是因为中国人运用舱壁原理建造船壳的结果。舱壁又称隔壁，它是一种把船的底层舱分隔成若干个水密的立式隔板。一般典型的中型船有16个水密舱，一旦出现了什么意外情况，其中一个舱进了水，那么其他舱是不会进水的，因为水密舱彼此是隔开的并密封着，因此这船是不会沉没的。  中国人这种造船绝技由客缪尔·本瑟姆爵士从中国传到了欧洲。马可·波罗在1295年也写文章介绍过中国人的上述造船技术。但欧洲的造船者和水手非常保守，以致水密舱原理传到西方500年之后才被普遍采用。中国人是从观察竹杆的结构获得启示而首创舱壁理论的。舱壁的建造明显地为船壳提供了许多坚固的横木，这些横木能够承受的桅杆的重量，这也就是当时在航船上采用的多样的桅杆的关键所在。在中世纪，这不仅使西方人感到惊奇，而且促使了欧洲人船体上多种多样桅杆的出现。
 
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:31 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:12:40

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61 平衡四角帆  公元2世纪中国人发明平衡四角帆。这时中国已经有了使用四角帆的纵向帆装。公元2世纪万震写的《南州异物志》中已经清楚地记载了使用这帆装的船。例如有些船承载700人和200吨货物，这真令人惊讶！这时中国已有四根桅杆的船。  62 定量制图法  中国古代著名的发明家张衡在公元2世纪发明了定量制图法，从而使制图科学向前迈进了一大步。张衡最先把矩形网格座标的方法应用于地图，这样可以用一种更科学的方法去计算和研究方法、距离和路程。他写的《算网论》一书中明显地含有精确使用地图座标的基本原理。张衡的矩形网络座标成功地应用于缩小地图的尺寸，在手法上类似于照相微缩技术。纵观整个历史，有无精确的地图，是能否在政治和军事上取胜之关键因素；由此可知中国人发明定量制图法的意义是何等之大啊！然而西方直到15世纪才出现有相当价值的地图，这比张衡发明定量制图法晚了一千三百年左右。  63 纺车  中国人于公元121年发明了纺车；而西方到公元1280年才用纺车，比中国晚了一千一百多年。  64 纯硫提炼法  中国人于公元2世纪发明了纯硫提炼法。在《神农本草经》中提到了此事。在公元11世纪之前得到纯硫的方法是通过焙烧硫铁矿，用升华法收集硫晶体。因为硫和硝石都是制造火药的重要原料，所以1067年皇帝发布圣旨禁止把硫和硝石卖给外国人，而且也禁止这种矿产品的私人交易。这个时期，中国名医张仲景于公元200年还发明了营养缺乏症治疗法。张仲景在其著作《金匮要略》中对营养缺乏症作了生动的记述，并提出了饮食疗法，他推荐的具有丰富维生素食物，吃完之后对治疗营养缺乏症确实有效。后来营养学家勿思瑟在其《饮膳正要》中，详细地用开处方的方法，来说明治疗因缺少维生素B，而患脚气病的方法。他提出治「湿脚气」的方法之一是「以马齿苋洗净取汁和粳米煮汤，空腹服之。」他并且还开了治「干脚气」处方。而西方医务人员直到19世纪末，才认识到脚气等缺乏症的方法。由此可知：中国人发明的营养缺乏症治疗法比西方领先了一千七百年左右。  65 七根桅杆船  公元260年中国人发明了七根桅杆船，泰康写的书中记述这一事实。我们确信，早在公元2世纪，在广州附近的南方地区，我们中国人已经知道避免船因无风而停止不动的最好办法是在桅杆后面再竖立一根桅杆。他们并不是简单地沿着船心的纵长竖立一排桅杆，而是横向交错地在两边竖立桅杆。这一杰出的做法西方从来未采用过。  66 车前横木  公元3世纪中国人发明了车前横木，最初用于两头牛拉的车上，后来应用于马车。这时中国人还发明了用于骑士骑马夜间行驶时照明用的马灯（它不是玩具走马灯）。  67 马蹬  公元3世纪，中国人发明了马蹬。西方到公元5世纪才制出马蹬，比中国晚了二百年。  68 自动控制机  中国人于公元前3世纪发明自动控制机。  69 人造金  中国人葛洪于公元3世纪发明了人造金。  70 初级砷提炼法  公元3世纪，中国著名炼丹家葛洪发明了初级砷提炼法。砷是制造火药的原料之一，西方比我国得到提炼法砷晚了几百年。
 
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正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:13:32

-<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">71 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">卷线钓鱼器<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">3<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪发明了卷线钓鱼器，当时它叫做<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">钓车<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">，它在《列仙传》书中所记载。而西方到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1651<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，才开始在鱼杆上使用卷线轮，比中国晚了一千三百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">72 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">直升飞机水平旋翼和螺旋桨<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">4<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪中国人葛洪已谈到关于直升飞机旋翼。那时中国有一种儿童玩具竹蜻蜓已如直升飞机的旋翼。它有一根轴，上面绕着一条线，轴上装着几个叶片，定好角度，一拉线，旋翼就向空中飞升上去。这种玩具对欧洲航空先驱者影响甚大。现代航空之父乔治．克莱爵士在<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1809<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年研究了中国直升机旋翼，制做出中国式<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">竹片蜻蜓<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> 」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">能飞上空中<?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="7" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">7<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">至<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">8<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">．<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="33" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">33<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">之高。他又做了一个改进的旋翼，可以飞上天空<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="30" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">30<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">高。在<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1400<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年以后，中国直升飞机水平旋翼和螺旋桨，对西方的影响，成了航空学和载人飞机诞生的主要因素之一。现代航空之父乔治．克莱于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1853<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年画出了他做的直升飞机旋翼，比中国晚了一千四百多年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">73 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">桨轮船<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">418<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明了桨轮船，这在一份中国水军行动的报告中已有记载。这次行动是刘宋的一位水军将领王镇恶指挥的。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">494─497<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，祖冲之制造了一艘改进的船只，被称为<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">千里船<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">，它不用风力，一天能行很远。它代表了早期设计的将轮船。梁朝水军将领徐世谱，公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">552<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年跟侯漫作战时使用了<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">水轮船<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">（即桨轮船）。另一位将军黄法氍公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">573<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年在黎阳的围攻战中制造并使用了<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">步舰<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">（用脚操作的桨轮船）。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">782─785<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，杭州知府李皋改进了桨轮船。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1168<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，水军将领史正志制造成了一只排水量达<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">200<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">吨的战舰，由<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年叶片组成的桨轮来驱动。程昌寓制造成<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="100" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">100<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">长的轮船，能载七八百人。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪我国已造出大轮船可达到长<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="120" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">120<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">、宽<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">．<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="37" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">37<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">和桅杆高<st1:chmetcnv w:st="on" UnitName="米" SourceValue="24" HasSpace="False" Negative="False" NumberType="1" TCSC="0"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">24<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">米</st1:chmetcnv><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">多，船上的工作人员可达<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">200<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">人。在第一次鸦片战争期间，中国在抗英战斗中还使用了这种桨轮船。英国人认为中国人看到英国海军的桨轮船而很快仿制出来的，殊不知中国人到那时使用这种船已有<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1600<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年了。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">74 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">共熔炼钢法<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">大约在公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">5<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国人发明了<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">西门子式<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">炼钢法，当时叫<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">共熔<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">炼钢法。这就是<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1863<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年马丁一西门了平炉炼钢法。中国比西方早一千四百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">75 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">油印技术<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">500<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年中国人发明了油印技术，中日两国已能用此技术印刷书籍。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1881<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年匈牙利人盏斯泰特纳发明了铁笔剂肪纸滚筒油印技术；<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1888<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年他又发明了打字机，<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1899<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年奥地利人克拉博发明了旋转复印机，直到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1950<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年才被影印技术代替。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">76 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">水力磨面机<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">530<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人发明并制造出了水力磨面机，此机的工作原理是靠一个连接于曲柄的传动杠带活塞做不停的往复运动，它是靠水滚带动轮子驱动活塞。这台机器体现了蒸气机的原理。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">13<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，欧洲人才使用这项技术，比中国晚了七百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">77 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">海滩航行<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">500<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年中国人发明了海滩航行。海滩航行，今天在西方已成为普遍流行的运动。但它起源于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">6<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪的中国。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">610<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年宇文恺为隋炀帝制造了辆帆助马车（半航行车辆）能乘坐数百人。公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">16<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国的扬帆马车曾因运送西方游客而闻名。荷兰科学家西常．史蒂文于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1600<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年秋天，制造了一辆中国式的扬帆马车。他用此车载着一位王子、一位青年学者和许多高级官员沿着海滩快速行驶，平均速度每小时<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">48<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公里。这使欧洲人第一次真正领略到中国式海滩航车的高速度。史蒂文当亲自乘坐此车被大风刮着飞驰的时候，速度之高令他惊讶。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">78 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">指针式标度盘装置<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人赵达于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">570<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明了指针式标度盘装置。中国的指针式标度盘的装置结构精细复杂令人惊奇。而其中有些标度盘装置竟由多达<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">40<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">个同心圆组成。在每个不同的同心圆上都标有一套不同的数字以测量各种情况，并可按要求读出数字。总之，中国人开创了世界上第一代指针式标度盘装置，这种装置对现代科学来说仍是极其重要的。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">79 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">火柴<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世界上第一根火柴是由中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">577<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明的。这火柴是由北齐的一群贫苦宫女发明而成。最初的火柴是用硫磺制作而成，公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">950<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年陶谷在《清异录》一书中有所记载。直到公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1530<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，欧洲还没有火柴。因此中国人使用火柴几乎比欧洲人早<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1000<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年！后来通过中国旅行的欧洲人把火柴传到了欧洲。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1830<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年法国的索利亚和德国的坎默又有新的突破，用黄磷、硫磺和氯化钾制成了现代的火柴。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">80 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">国际象棋<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">6<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪发明了国际象棋。现代的中国象棋是源于中国，在印度改进后，又流入中国。而西方到公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">7<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪才下国际象棋，比中国晚了一百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> - 

[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:33 編輯 ]

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:14:14

<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">- <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">81 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">弓形拱桥<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">610<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国建筑工程学派奠基人李春，发明并建造了弓形拱桥<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">──<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">通桥，又名赵州桥或大石桥，比西方于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1345<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年建造的维奇奥拱桥，早了七百年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">82 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">浮板<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">759<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年以前发明了浮板。李鉴在他的《太白阴经》中讲到，中国的战船<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">舷下左右置浮板，形如翅！虽风浪涨大，无有倾倒。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">后来马可．波罗等意大利人，把此技术传入意大利的威尼斯等地。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">83 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">熨斗<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">800<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年代，中国人发明了熨斗，并开始使用了它。那时中国人用木炭加热的熨斗熨丝质衣服，当时的熨斗像个长柄的小平底锅。在约公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">16<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪荷兰裁缝开始使用空心盒型铁制大熨斗。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1738<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年英国的威尔金森取得了铁制熨斗的专利权，这熨斗是一个可熨亚麻布的铁铸盒子。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1850<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年代中斯煤气加热熨斗面世，到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1890<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年代被电熨斗所淘汰，美国西利发明了电熨斗（用的是无罩电弧）。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1926<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年纽约市的埃尔迪克公司制成了家庭蒸汽熨斗。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1938<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年康乃狄格州制成的熨斗附有可调温度的恒温器，使用十分方便。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">84 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">纸币<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">8<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪发明了纸币，不过发行机构是政府。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1661<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年瑞典斯德哥尔摩银行首先推出了钞票，比中国晚了七百多年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">85 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">火药<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">850<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明了火药。火药是中国四大发明之一。中国炼丹求法于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">850<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年在《真元妙道要略》中记述了中国人制造火药的配方是硝石、堆黄、硫和蜜（含有炭）混合加热而成。经过长期实践火药配制最好是用百分之七十五的硝酸钾、百分之十的硫磺和百分之十五的木炭粉配制而成。火药不怕震动。必须点火引爆。火药是炸药中最早的一种，十世纪时中国人已用来发信号和制造烟火。西方人到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">12<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪后期才开始关注火药，比中国晚了三百多年<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">86 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">扑克牌<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">9<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">世纪，中国人发明了扑克牌，西方到公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1377<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，德国和西班牙也出现了扑克牌，比中国晚了五百年左右。中国人于公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">969<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年又发明了纸牌，并用之于游戏。根据野史记载中国的皇帝和妃嫔由于终日无所事事，便发明了纸牌游戏，消磨时间。当时较明智的辽穆宗明令指出纸牌会使王侯之家走上末路。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1277<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年意大利佛罗移萨市禁止玩纸牌，<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1400<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，法国、德国和荷兰等国也相继禁止玩纸牌。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1915<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，英王詹姆斯一世征收玩牌税，直到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1960<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，才完全取消此项征税。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">87 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">火焰喷射器<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">904<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明了火焰喷射器，并且用之于打仗了，前面讲的准炸弹等各种<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">炸弹<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">，其实都不爆炸，因为不含有足够量的硝石。然而火药在战争中的最早应用就是第一次使用火焰喷射器，时间是<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">904<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，所谓人使用了<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">希腊火<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">。路根在《九国志》中描述了在这次交战中，一放出<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">「<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">飞火机<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">」<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">就烧毁了对方的城门。再者，公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">975<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，在长江的水上战斗中也曾使用了火焰喷射器。《南唐史》还曾有当年在战船上使用火焰喷射器以抵抗敌方进攻的记载。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 24pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">88 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">枪炮<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">大约公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">905<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人发明了枪炮。这枪就是火枪（或称长矛）。欧洲人到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1396<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年才开始用火枪，比中国晚了四百多年。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">89 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">麦卡托投影<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">940<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年，中国人发明了麦卡托投影；公元<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1568<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年英国才有人用麦卡托投影，比中国晚了六百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">90 <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 26pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">链式传动装置<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> <SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">中国人于<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">976<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年发明了链式传动装置<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">──<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">链式传动带；欧洲人到<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">1770<SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA">年才开始使用链式传动带，比中国晚了八百年左右。<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> 
<SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 'Times New Roman'; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: ZH-TW; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA"> -

正正發表於 2009-5-10 14:15:00

- 91 凸轮 中国人于公元983年发明凸轮，并应用于借水力提升的重型链。同一时间，在西方意大利塔斯坎民的一座浆洗作坊中应用了凸轮。 
 92 运河船闸 公元984年中国人乔维岳发明了运河船闸，从而提高了河运能力。到1375年欧洲也建成了第一个船闸，这比中国已晚389年。 
 93 种痘免疫法 中国人在公元10世纪发明了种痘免疫法。这种方法最早是由四川省峨嵋山隐居在山洞的炼丹家发明的一种天花痘苗接种术。北宋丞相王旦的长子死于天花，为了防止其他人也传染上这种病，特从全国各地请来了医生、巫医和术士，试图发现某种治疗方法。从峨嵋山来了一位道士，带来了天花痘苗接种术，并在整个京城开封推广。公元1741年中国人张谈在他的《种痘新书》还描述了藏苗法。这种方法免疫效果好。公元17世纪，这种医疗方法传到了土耳其。1718年驻君士坦丁堡的英国大使马丽．沃特莱．蒙塔古让金接受了‘轻型天花的预防接种」。到1700年，作为预防天花的措施，轻型天花接种开始广泛在欧洲采用，由中国传去的这种接种方法，后来发展成为接种牛痘的免疫学。 
 94 机械钟 公元11世纪，中国人发明了机械钟。世界第一架机械钟是由中国唐朝数学家一行发明设计的，它实际上是一架附有报时装置的天文仪器，而不是一架简单的钟表。西方到13世纪才制出机械钟，比中国晚了二百年左右。 
 95 水雷 中国人于公元1374年发明了水雷，水雷由熟铁精巧地制成。这水雷比拉巴德献伊丽莎白女王的欧洲最早的水雷制作计划早二个世纪。在1856年，中国人在广州河上抗击英军时也使用了水雷。另外，中国人于公元1103年，中国人发明了烟火，并且最先在庆典和祭祀的仪式上放烟火。公元1187年以前中国人发明了手榴弹（当时多为猎人使用）。中国人于公元1221年以前发明了照明弹。它是软壳，在空中爆炸，像火一样产生颜色。1293年中国人又发明了铁壳炸弹，用铁壳代替软壳以后，炸弹的杀伤力更强了。再者，中国人于公元1230年发明了炸药，在世界上最先利用火药制成炸弹，用于爆破砖石砌筑的防御工事和城墙。欧洲人则到公元1314年才开始使用炸药。 还有，中国人于公元1277年发明了地雷。当时「粪弹」的使用更是地雷而非炸弹。到14世纪中国有了地雷网，即连环雷。中国有一种地雷的触发装置似乎燃发枪的前身，这至少可以追溯到1360年。而欧洲第一支燃发枪直到1547年才出现。 
 96 大炮 中国于1280年发明了在炮。这时中国人制成了首批信而有徵的铜铁大炮（徵是验证的意思）。
  97 火箭 中国人于公元1150年发明了火箭，并使用了火药为燃料的火箭打仗。据我国典籍所载1231年北宋都城开封被围时，曾使用一种叫做「飞火箭」的武器。这些早期的火箭可能用火药推进，就像现代的烟火。1285年，一本阿拉伯兵书曾提到，中国传入的火箭，还说它是从炮台上发射的。中国人于公元14世纪初又发明了多级火箭。还能使用以火药为燃料的火箭打仗。公元18世纪，欧洲人杜里将火箭原理公式化，这比中国人实际用火箭原理晚了五百多年。到20世纪又出现了液体燃料火箭。总之，火箭是中国人最重要的发明之一。 
 98 眼镜 中国人于公元1300年发明了眼镜，这时意大利也开始使用眼镜了。13世纪末威尼斯人制成了老花镜（用凸透镜片）英国科学家培根在13世纪已经叙述过用透镜矫正视力的方法。15世纪意大利出现了矫正近视的凹透镜片的眼镜。1775年美国政治家富兰克林配了第一幅双光眼镜，在一副眼镜上有两付镜片。隐形眼镜是直接放在眼球上的玻璃或塑料小镜片，1827年首先由英国物理学家想出来，但直到1887年，瑞士苏黎世的弗里克医生研制出精确度较高的镜片，才得到进一步发展。公元1498年中国人又发明了牙刷。中国一套百科书式的著作首先记述了现代牙刷的模样：刷手与手柄成直角。 
 99 古代直升飞机 中国人徐正明于公元17世纪发明了直升飞机。 公元前500年，中国人制成了会飞的直升竹蜻蜓，这是直升飞机的起源。竹蜻蜓是一种儿童玩具，它以一根小棍作轴，轴顶有螺旋桨翼片（有时羽毛），用手把小棍一搓，就向上飞升，作用像有螺旋。旋转运动产生气流，旋转达的翼片切入气流，产生升力。这就是直升飞机的原理。 公元17世纪中国苏州巧匠徐正明，整天琢磨小孩玩的竹蜻蜓，想制造一个类似蜻蜓的直升飞机，并且想把人也带上天空。经过十多年的钻研，他造出了一架直升飞机。它有像竹蜻蜓一样的螺旋桨，架驶座像一把圈椅，依靠脚踏板通过转动机构来带动螺旋桨转动，试飞时候，它居然飞离地面一尺多高，还飞过一一条小河沟，然后落下来。 虽然直升飞机是我们中国人发明的，但外国人也有很大功劳，因为法、英、德、美等国的发明家在完善和发展直升飞机的事上也做出很大的贡献。 1784年法国机械师比恩沃尼制成了有两套旋转翼的模型直升飞机。1796年英国的克雷设计了四叶式直升飞机。1849年英国的菲利普斯制造了一架模特直飞升机（蒸汽马力）。1967年法国工程师路易士．佰雷发明了现代化的直升飞机。1932年德国的福克教授设计出了一架直升飞机。并且在柏林博览会上进行了表演。可垂直起飞，飞到几米高空停住，再向前或向后飞行，还可向左向右飞行，也可360°转变飞行，最后垂直落后。1946年作为交通工具直升飞机开始使用。寿命达600小时。速度达每小时200公里。1960年前苏联的米尔研制同用喷射引擎为动力的世界最大的直升飞，可载40吨，1966年世界上有了用玻璃纤做旋翼，寿命达3600小时，速度可达每小时300公里。直升飞机的用途很广：它不仅可以用来运人运物；还可用于海空救援，火灾屋顶救人，向水灾、地震灾区运送食物等。 
 100 回音壁 公元1530年，中国人发明了回音壁；同时，还发明了三音石和圆丘。它们皆建在天坛。
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[ 本帖最後由正正於 2009-5-10 14:36 編輯 ]

嶺南散人 發表於 2009-5-10 14:26:17

正

紫凤凰 發表於 2009-5-10 17:21:10

中華文化博大精深，哈哈。

頁: [1]

粵語協會's Archiver

中国古代100项重大创果