正正 發表於 2009-4-14 18:16:56

老子的自然科学观「道法自然」

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<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun">转自大汉网<SPAN lang=EN-US>&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN>帖主</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun; mso-fareast-font-family: 新細明體"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 10pt; COLOR: black; FONT-FAMILY: SimSun">海闊天舟<SPAN lang=EN-US>&nbsp; </SPAN>发表于<SPAN lang=EN-US>: </SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 9pt; COLOR: black">2008-11-30 22:04&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">转贴者声明<SPAN lang=EN-US>:</SPAN>本帖观点不代表转贴者的观点<SPAN lang=EN-US>.</SPAN>转贴目的是给大家观看<SPAN lang=EN-US>/</SPAN>评论<SPAN lang=EN-US>.<BR></SPAN></SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US>.<BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"><BR style="mso-special-character: line-break"></SPAN></P>
<P style="LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 18pt; COLOR: red; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-font-kerning: 1.0pt">老子的自然科学观<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>道法自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」<o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">作者:常生禾</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-SIZE: 10.5pt; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><BR><BR></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">题词:老子</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">自然科学 </SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">道法自然</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">有无相生</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp;&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">大声希声</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"> </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">象无形</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">物壮则老</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp; </SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">柔弱处上</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">&nbsp; &nbsp;</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">反者道之动<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">内容提要:《老子》里的很多观点属于朴素的自然科学观。老子对自然科学有多方面的建树。这对过去、现在和将来都有指导或借鉴作用。这是中华民族的瑰宝,是掘之不尽的富矿。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">「</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">道法自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>是《老子》(《道德经》)的灵魂。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">多少年来,人们只把《老子》定性为哲学或社会科学(如社会学、伦理学等)。忽略了老子对自然科学的建树。但有几点,现已被中外学者所认定。一是因尊崇《道德经》之道教的练丹,促进了化学的产生和发展;二是因《道德经》养生论的指导而带动了中医繁荣和人体科学的诞生;三是因老子的<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>利而不害<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>思想催生了环境保护意识。谁能说这不是自然科学。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">本文的论点是:《老子》里有很多观点属于朴素的自然辩证法,或朴素的自然科学观。无论是过去、现在和将来,对发展自然科学都有指导或借鉴作用。它是民族的瑰宝,是我们需要加以发掘的的富矿。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">为了让人信服,本文分为<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>对自然科学的几大建树<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>对自然科学研究(科学学)的探索<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>、<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>对自然科学工作者素质的要求<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>三部分,用《老子》原话加以印证。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">一、对自然科学的几大建树</SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、宇宙生成论<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">在老子看来,天上没有玉皇,地下没有龙王。世界原本是物质的,物质是阴阳对立统一的实在;宇宙的初始是混沌的;是由阴阳对立而生的万物;万物是运动的、发展的,发展的内部动力是固有的矛盾性。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">无,名天地之始;有,名万物之母。(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">1</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)这里的<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>无<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>是无具体的性状,<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>有</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">」</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">是有具体的性状。<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>无<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>始<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>,是混沌;<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>有<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>是物种,是母,由之而有千万。道生一,一生二,二生三,三生万物。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">42</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)老子讲的道,有时指物质,有时指客观规律。这里说物质的道是初始的一,这个一具有阴阳二面,阴阳二者的对立统一产生第三者,由这个新生的三再衍生出了万物。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">这些理论虽不够系统,但和现代科学对宇宙生成的解释,至少在以下几方面是较为一致的:世界是物质的;磁场、引力、声、光等无形体,但也是物质的;物质都是由阴阳电荷,引吸力、离心力等构成的矛盾统一体;世界是不断发展的,是由混沌到纷繁复杂的;世界不是上帝制造的,是独立于人的意志之外的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、能量守恒与转化<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">能量守恒与转化,本来属于物理的一个定律,这里提出来专讲,是为了突出。有无相生,难易相成<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>音声相和,前后相随,恒也。(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)恒,是永恒,永远。<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>恒也<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>,永远是这样的。反者道之动,弱者道之用。天下万物生于有,有生于无。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">40</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)反,特指循环往复。循环往复是物质固有的运动规律,道的作用是微妙(弱)的。天下万物也是有形物、无形体的更替。生物死后,腐烂变为碳、氢、氧等分子,再成为新生物的元素而重新变成为有形物。能量转化了,但就元素而言却是守恒的。草木之生也柔脆,其死也枯槁。<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>强大处下,柔弱处上。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">76</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)草木生长时是柔脆的,死时就干硬枯槁了。强大壮盛后开始走下坡,柔嫩的反而蒸蒸向上。天长,地久,天地之所以能长久者,以其不自生,故能长生。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">7</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>不自生<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>从物质不灭、能量守恒看,天地虽然增加了很多物种,很多精彩,但物质能量只是相互转化,并未增减,也就是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>不自生<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。可惜,老子受时代局限,未能用动能、势能、热能、电能等来解释能量转化与守恒。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"></SPAN></B>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">3</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、物理学(含化学、工程学)<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">老子揭示了很多物性的奥妙,可以启迪人的智慧,进而创造发明,提高造福水平。曲则全,枉则直,洼则盈,敝则新。(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">22</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)曲身便会保全,屈枉利于伸直。低洼方能充盈,陈旧就促更新。要蓄水先挖池,要种新苗先烧干草。飘风不终朝,骤雨不终日。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">23</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)疾风暴雨不持久,不必悲观,可计算时间安排当做的活计。朴散则为器。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">28</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)朴,未经加工的木材,原料。散,各取所需。原料根据需要,可制成各种器物。大方无隅;大器晚成;大音希声,大象无形。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">41</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)这里已涉及极限,涉及相对论,虽只有朴素的表达,但已看出了对物理揭示之深刻。最方正的东西没有棱角,最大的器物最后制出;最强的音响反无声无息;最大的形象视而不见形。蚂蚁在大厅里它不知有棱角,长江大桥不可能一天建成,天体运行的吼声我们听不见。我们脚下的地球凭肉眼无法看清它的全貌,这样的宏论何其精彩,何其深刻。天之道,其犹张弓与?高者抑之,下者举之,有余者损之,不足者补之。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">77</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)自然的规律,难道不像拉弓射箭么?高了压一点,低了举一点,拉满了放一点,没有拉够补拉一点。这是什么意思?一要有<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>度<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>,二要<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>平衡<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。把平衡和适度作为物理提出,何等精湛。三十幅共一毂,当其无,有车之用。埏埴以为器,当其无,有器之用。凿户牖以为室,当其无,有室之用。故有之以为利,无之以为用。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">11</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)毂,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">g</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ŭ</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,车轴插幅条的圈。埏埴,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">yán zh</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><FONT face="Times New Roman">ĭ</FONT></SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,和土。三十根辐条集于车轴孔中,因有毂的中空,才有车可用。揉和陶土做成器皿,才有器皿可用。开门凿窗建房,有了空间,才有房可住。所以,<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>有<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>(实心)让人可利用,<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>无<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>(虚空)也可让人利用。这讲了什么物理?实心之物,虚空之物,各有其用,发明、制作各取其巧。联系上述<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>恒也</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">」</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">「</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">不终朝<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>等说明老子已有了时空观念。</SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt"><SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN>&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">4</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、生物学、养生学、农牧学<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">老子在这方面的论述较多,大家也熟悉,就举到为止。谷神不死,是谓玄牝。玄牝之门,是谓天地根。绵绵若存,用之不勤。(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">6</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)谷,形容虚空,神,神秘。谷神,空虚神奇的变化。虚空神奇的变化是永不停息的,这就是微妙的母性之门,可称天地根本。绵延永存,作用无穷无尽。这里提示了无论何种生物,它的繁殖都需仰仗母体,保护母性。载营魄抱一,能无离乎?专气致柔,能如婴儿乎?(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)营魄,精神。精神和形体合一,能不分离么?聚结精气神,能像婴儿般无欲么?这是养生的要诀,很难做到。如能训练做到,就可健康长寿。难得之货,令人行妨,是以圣人为腹不为目。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">12</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)奇珍异宝,令人行为不轨;所以道德高尚的人重吃饱穿暖,不追逐声色娱乐。这是讲养生要限贪欲。物壮则老,是谓不道,不道早已。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">30</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)(人为地催助)生物壮盛,是不合生长规律的,不合规律就会早亡故。现在商家为了牟利,在饮料里添催长素,鸡呀,猪呀三五个月就可长肥宰杀,但人们吃了不利健康,所以现在的人宁可多出钱也要买纯天然食品了。不失其所者久。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">33</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)不丧失根本才会长存。什么是生物的根本?外在的是阳光、空气、水、养料等,内在的是特有的结构功能,雌雄交合繁衍,正常的生长期,对于进化条件的选择与适应等。如果违背根本,小则夭折,大则绝种。未知牝牡之合而脧作,精之至也。终日号而不嘎,和之至也。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">55</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)脧,音</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">juan</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">,脧作,特指男性生殖器勃起。嘎,</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">shà,</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">嗓音嘎哑。小儿不懂交合,小生殖器就自然勃起,是因为精气已足的缘故。婴儿整天号叫但嗓子不哑,是阴阳和合的表现。这里再次告诉我们,生物的生长各有其周期、规律,我们既不当大惊小怪,更不可只凭主观好恶,任意违规处置。合抱之木,生于毫末。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">64</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)合抱的大树,是从细小的幼苗长成的。我们一要珍爱幼苗,二要按物种特性培护,切不可拔苗助长。将欲取之,必固与之<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>鱼不可脱于渊<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">36</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)要想获取它凡必须先给够它。鱼不可能脱离深水而存活,要想吃粮、吃肉,就得种粮、养畜,先要投资够,按规律照顾好,才能保你有丰收,有享用。鱼脱离水就不能活,农、林、牧、渔各业,都要保证生物的生长条件才有发展。</SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN lang=EN-US style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">5</SPAN></B><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">、环境保护学<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">我们对环境保护的重视,是因生态破坏太严重才开始的,但老子却在</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">2600</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">年前就重视了这门科学。<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">生之育之,亭之毒之,养之覆之。生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰。(第</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">51</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">章)生之畜之,生而不有,为而不恃,长而不宰,是谓玄德。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">10</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)生长万物,养育万物,使之长好成熟(亭之毒之)并给予保护(覆之)。但生长万物却不据为一己所有,抚育万物又不自恃有功,助之延续又不主宰,这就是深奥、高尚的德。这里暗示了一个思想:我们应创造条件帮助万物勃勃生长,不能因一己私利而阻毁坏万物的生长条件。祸莫大于不知足;咎莫大于欲得。故知足之足,常足矣。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">46</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)最大的祸患是不知满足;最大的过失是贪得无厌。懂得适度就满足的人,永远是富有的或充实的。这里暗示了一个思想:向大自然索取不能杀鸡取卵,索取和给予必须平衡,谁只顾眼前利益,不顾生态平衡,必然会受到自然的惩罚。人法地,地法天,天法道,道法自然。(</SPAN><SPAN lang=EN-US style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">25</SPAN><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">)法,以之为法,有效法,遵循之意。人遵循地,地遵循天,天遵循道,道遵循自然。这是一个传递式的推理,最终推出的是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>人法自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。什么是自然,从一般意义讲是客观存在的,不以人的意志而运行的大自然;从哲学意识讲,自然就是客观必然性;通俗表达是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>自然而然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。这里大有文章:第一,说了天、地、人是一体,必须和谐共处。否则人不能生存。第二,道是天地人共处的规律,是只能认识、遵循,不能违反。第三<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>道法自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>突出了<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>之至高无上的地位。包含了人与大自然,人与周围环境,人与社会人生的和谐。而且是顺之(法)则昌,逆之则亡。现在,国家倡导科学发展观,构建和谐社会,加强环境保护,重视可持续发展<SPAN lang=EN-US>……</SPAN>这些都合老子思想,都值得拥护和践行。</SPAN></P>
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[ 本帖最後由 正正 於 2009-4-14 18:20 編輯 ]

正正 發表於 2009-4-14 18:18:37

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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">二、对自然科学研究的探索</SPAN></B></P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2">&nbsp;</P>
<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 19.2pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">什么是自然科学?《现代汉语词典》的解释很简明:自然科学是研究自然界各种物质和现象的科学。包括物理学、化学、动物学、植物学、矿物学、生理学、数学等。这个定义,前面是讲自然科学的内涵,要害有:<SPAN lang=EN-US>1</SPAN>、对象是自然界各种物质和现象。<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>、属概念是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>科学<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。后面是讲自然科学的外延,它包含了物理学、化学等。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">1</SPAN></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">、自然科学的对象<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>《老子》里核心的概念是什么?是<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>道<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>。道是什么?是物质,是物质运动的规律。现展析于后。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>有物混成,先天地生。(第<SPAN lang=EN-US>25</SPAN>章)物质的道,在各天体(日、月、星、辰)尚未出现前,就已存在。道之为物,惟恍惟惚;惚兮恍兮,其中有象;恍兮惚兮,其中有物;窈兮冥兮,其中有精,其精甚真,其中有信。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>21</SPAN>)恍惚,不清楚,象,形象。窈,深远。冥,暗昧,不可测。精,物之原质,相当于今之原子,元素。真,真实。信,可验证。道作为物质,它形态万千可大可小,但其中各有形象,其中有的是可见的实物,其中有的是看不见的精(元素),但这精(看不见的原子、元素)又真实存在,可以验证。夫物芸芸,各复其根。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>)芸芸,纷繁。复,回归。根,本源。万物纷芸,此销彼长,各自都会复归于本源。石头虽有风化,但元素仍在。苹果虽落地了,但种子会再生为苹果。以上讲的是什么,是物,是物质,是物的性,这都是自然科学的对象。下面我们来看,物质的规律这一对象。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>不知常,妄作凶。(第<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>章)常,万物守常不变的规律。不了解事物的规律,只凭主观愿望胡乱作为,定有凶险。天地相合,以降甘露,民莫之令而自均。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>32</SPAN>)天地间阴阳二气相结合,就会降下甘露(生机),人们不需特意安排就会自然调匀,这里讲了两条规律,一是阴阳相合才有生机;二是事物的发展有自身的规律,不需人特意处置就能自均。什么是自均,请看下文。天之道,损有余而补不足。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>77</SPAN>)自然规律是:减损有余的补偿不足的。请看过去和现在的一些事实。当某地遭了水灾,人畜、庄稼会遭遇损伤,但水灾后很多生物却反而增添勃勃生机;当人们集中到了某地并造成了环境污染,大自然就叫你住不成,逼着你要么恢复环境生机,要么迁走它乡给此地以还原机会;有的人居住偏远山区,生活艰苦,未尝过荣华富贵,但大自然却赏赐了他长寿,却炼就了子孙的吃苦耐劳适应环境的精神。万物负阴而抱阳,冲气以为和。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>42</SPAN>)事间万事万物,总是存在阴面和阳面。总是在阴阳(矛盾)的相互依承、相互斗争中才获得变化发展形成新的和谐体的。这条规律加上前面已经讲过的<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>道法自然<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>便是从事科学研究所必须掌握的基本规律,是务必要很好探讨和运用的。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">2</SPAN></B></SPAN><B style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><SPAN style="COLOR: blue">、自然科学研究的原则<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN></SPAN></B><SPAN lang=EN-US><BR></SPAN>自然科学是以特定物及其规律为对象的科学,它必须遵循真实、可验证、有创新、于民有利的原则。虚假、不可验证、非创新、于人无益都不是真正的自然科学。而这些原则老子却早已论及。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>处其实,不居其华。(第<SPAN lang=EN-US>38</SPAN>章)追求真实,不要虚华。信不足焉,有不信焉。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>17</SPAN>)诚实不足(经不起验证),终会失信。美之与恶,相去若何?(<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>)美好与丑恶,相差有多少(有时是一念之差,一步之别)。皆知善之为善,斯不善也。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>2</SPAN>)人们都了解什么是善(这里解释为<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>完善<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>)<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>不善<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>就显现出来了。以上讲了科学研究要求真、求完善,不可沽名钓誉、弄虚作假。用现在的语言讲,就是要<SPAN lang=EN-US>「</SPAN>实事求是<SPAN lang=EN-US>」</SPAN>,就是要通过实验认证无误。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>天之道,利而不害,圣人之道,为而不争。(第<SPAN lang=EN-US>81</SPAN>章)天之道,不争而善胜。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>73</SPAN>)自然规律是让万事万物得到好处而不给伤害。道德高尚的人是只重奉献不去争利,(<SPAN lang=EN-US>81</SPAN>)自然规律是以不争夺就能取胜为上(<SPAN lang=EN-US>73</SPAN>)孰能浊以静之徐清?孰能安以动之徐生?保此道者,不欲盈,夫唯不盈,故能蔽而新成。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>15</SPAN>)谁能让浑浊之物静下来慢慢澄清?谁能使沉稳之物动起来出现生机?能保持这个道的人(如科学家)不会自满。正因为不自满,才能推陈出新(有发明创造)。以上讲了搞科学研究一要于民有益,一要创新,不创新,不利民,也就丧失了科学研究的价值。<SPAN lang=EN-US><?xml:namespace prefix = o ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com<img src=" /><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2"><B><SPAN style="FONT-SIZE: 16pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">三、对科学工作者素质的要求</SPAN></B></P>
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<P class=MsoNormal style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2"><SPAN style="FONT-FAMILY: 新細明體; mso-bidi-font-family: 新細明體; mso-font-kerning: 0pt">科学工作者的素质涉及德(态度、品格),才(知识、实践、思维等)、体(体能、脑功能)等多种因素,哪怕缺一都难有大的成就,这方面老子的论述很多,仅择要评价于后。、<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>爱民治国,能无为乎?(第<SPAN lang=EN-US>10</SPAN>章)爱民治国,能做到不违反客观规律,不主观妄为么?知常容,容乃公,公乃全,全乃天。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>16</SPAN>)掌握了规律就能包容,能包容就能有公心,有公心才能顾及全面,能顾及全面才合客观物性。为学日益,为道日损。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>48</SPAN>)在学知识、做学问上讲每日有新得,在品德修养、探寻规律上应每日有革除(减过错)。知人者智,自知者明。胜人者有力,自胜者强。知足者富,强行者有志。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>33</SPAN>)善于识别人叫有智慧,能自知长短者叫聪明。能战胜对手算有本事,能克制自身弱点才算强者。知道不贪婪的人活得充实,能坚持不懈把事业(如科研)做好叫有志气。搞科研就要能克制自己的急躁、粗心、不求精等毛病,做到失败再来,百折不挠,直至有所发现,有所创造。图难于其易,为大于其细,天下难事,必先作于易;天下大事必先作于细。(<SPAN lang=EN-US>63</SPAN>)搞科研是很难的。但野猫啃黄牛,也要先找个小地方下口,从易处突破再步步深入。切不可一开始就贪大求洋搞花架子。为了追求真理,要反复实验,经得起检验,要用科学的精神来搞科学。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR></SPAN>本文从三个方面引证了老子的自然科学观,虽然偶有附会,但凡认真读了本文中老子原话的人定会在事实面前承认:老子的自然科学观确实光照千秋,值得古为今用。<SPAN lang=EN-US><BR><BR>2007</SPAN>年<SPAN lang=EN-US>5</SPAN>月<SPAN lang=EN-US>20</SPAN>于成都<SPAN lang=EN-US><o:p></o:p></SPAN></SPAN></P>
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