韩语音标

penkyamp 發表於 2008-8-17 04:32:17

<h1 class="firstHeading">Korean phonology</h1>

<h3 id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</h3>

<div id="jump-to-nav">Jump to: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#column-one">navigation</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#searchInput">search</a></div> 
<div class="boilerplate metadata ipanotice" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em; padding: 0pt 0.5em; float: right; clear: right; width: 15em; background-color: rgb(243, 249, 255); font-size: 80%;">
Note: This page or section contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a> for a pronunciation key.
</div>
This article is a technical description of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonetics" title="Phonetics">phonetics</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.
Korean has many <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a>, so it is important here to distinguish <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphophonemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Morphophonemic">morphophonemics</a> (written in pipes | |) from corresponding <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phoneme" title="Phoneme">phonemes</a> (written in slashes / /) and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophones</a> (written in brackets [ ]).
<table id="toc" class="toc" summary="Contents">
<tbody><tr>
<td>
<div id="toctitle">
<h2>Contents</h2>
[<a href="javascript:toggleToc()" class="internal" id="togglelink">hide</a>]</div>
<ul><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Consonants">1 Consonants</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Vowels">2 Vowels</a>
<ul><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Monophthongs">2.1 Monophthongs</a></li><li class="toclevel-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Diphthongs_and_glides">2.2 Diphthongs and glides</a></li></ul>
</li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Distribution_of_allophones">3 Distribution of allophones</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Phonotactics">4 Phonotactics</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Vowel_harmony">5 Vowel harmony</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#Pitch_accent">6 Pitch accent</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#References">7 References</a></li><li class="toclevel-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#See_also">8 See also</a></li></ul>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<script type="text/javascript">
//<![CDATA[
if (window.showTocToggle) { var tocShowText = "show"; var tocHideText = "hide"; showTocToggle(); }
//]]>
</script>
<a name="Consonants" id="Consonants"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>] Consonants</h2>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_consonants.svg" class="image" title="The Korean consonants"><img alt="The Korean consonants" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Korean_consonants.svg/180px-Korean_consonants.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="222"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_consonants.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></a></div>
The Korean consonants</div>
</div>
</div>
The following are phonemic transcriptions of Korean consonants.
<table class="wikitable">
<caption>Consonant phonemes</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2"> </th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- 
alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%81" title="wikt:ㅁ" class="extiw">ㅁ</a> |m|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B4" title="wikt:ㄴ" class="extiw">ㄴ</a> |n|</td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%87" title="wikt:ㅇ" class="extiw">ㅇ</a> |ŋ|2</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Plosive consonant">Plosive</a> 
and 
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th>
<th>plain1</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%82" title="wikt:ㅂ" class="extiw">ㅂ</a> |p|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B7" title="wikt:ㄷ" class="extiw">ㄷ</a> |t|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%88" title="wikt:ㅈ" class="extiw">ㅈ</a> |tɕ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B1" title="wikt:ㄱ" class="extiw">ㄱ</a> |k|</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>tense</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%83" title="wikt:ㅃ" class="extiw">ㅃ</a> |p͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B8" title="wikt:ㄸ" class="extiw">ㄸ</a> |t͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%89" title="wikt:ㅉ" class="extiw">ㅉ</a> |tɕ͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B2" title="wikt:ㄲ" class="extiw">ㄲ</a> |k͈|</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>aspirated</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8D" title="wikt:ㅍ" class="extiw">ㅍ</a> |pʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8C" title="wikt:ㅌ" class="extiw">ㅌ</a> |tʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8A" title="wikt:ㅊ" class="extiw">ㅊ</a> |tɕʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8B" title="wikt:ㅋ" class="extiw">ㅋ</a> |kʰ|</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th>
<th>plain</th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%85" title="wikt:ㅅ" class="extiw">ㅅ</a> |s|</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8E" title="wikt:ㅎ" class="extiw">ㅎ</a> |h|</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>tense</th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%86" title="wikt:ㅆ" class="extiw">ㅆ</a> |s͈|</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a></th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B9" title="wikt:ㄹ" class="extiw">ㄹ</a> |l|3</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<ol><li>|p, t, tɕ, k| become voiced between voiced sounds.</li><li>|ŋ| appears only in the syllable coda.</li><li>|l| becomes an alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another |l|. A syllable-final |l|, when followed by a vowel or a glide or |h| (i.e., when the next character starts with 'ㅇ' or 'ㅎ'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ].</li></ol>
Example words for consonants:
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Phoneme</th>
<th>Example</th>
<th>Romanized</th>
<th>English</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅂ |p|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B6%88" title="wikt:불" class="extiw">불</a> </td>
<td>bul</td>
<td>'fire' or 'light'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅃ |p͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%BF%94" title="wikt:뿔" class="extiw">뿔</a> </td>
<td>ppul</td>
<td>'horn'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅍ |pʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%92%80" title="wikt:풀" class="extiw">풀</a> </td>
<td>pul</td>
<td>'grass' or 'glue'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅁ |m|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%AC%BC" title="wikt:물" class="extiw">물</a> </td>
<td>mul</td>
<td>'water' or 'liquid'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄷ |t|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%8B%AC" title="wikt:달" class="extiw">달</a> </td>
<td>dal</td>
<td>'moon'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄸ |t͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%94%B8" title="wikt:딸" class="extiw">딸</a> </td>
<td>ttal</td>
<td>'daughter'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅌ |tʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%83%80%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:타다" class="extiw">타다</a> </td>
<td>tada</td>
<td>'to ride' or 'to burn', etc.</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄴ |n|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%82%A0" title="wikt:날" class="extiw">날</a> </td>
<td>nal</td>
<td>'day'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅈ |tɕ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:자다" class="extiw">자다</a> </td>
<td>jada</td>
<td>'to sleep'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅉ |tɕ͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%A7%9C%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:짜다" class="extiw">짜다</a> </td>
<td>jjada</td>
<td>'to squeeze' or 'to be salty'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅊ |tɕʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%B0%A8%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:차다" class="extiw">차다</a> </td>
<td>chada</td>
<td>'to kick' or 'cold'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄱ |k|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:가다" class="extiw">가다</a> </td>
<td>gada</td>
<td>'to go'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄲ |k͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B9%94%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:깔다" class="extiw">깔다</a> </td>
<td>kkalda</td>
<td>'to spread; to lay out'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅋ |kʰ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%B9%BC" title="wikt:칼" class="extiw">칼</a> </td>
<td>kal</td>
<td>'knife'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅇ |ŋ|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B0%A9" title="wikt:방" class="extiw">방</a> </td>
<td>bang</td>
<td>'room'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅅ |s|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%82%B4" title="wikt:살" class="extiw">살</a> </td>
<td>sal</td>
<td>'flesh'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅆ |s͈|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%8C%80" title="wikt:쌀" class="extiw">쌀</a> </td>
<td>ssal</td>
<td>'uncooked grains of rice'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㄹ |l|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%9E%8C" title="wikt:바람" class="extiw">바람</a> </td>
<td>baram</td>
<td>'wind' or 'wish'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅎ |h|</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%95%98%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:하다" class="extiw">하다</a> </td>
<td>hada</td>
<td>'to do'</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol <◌͈> (a subscript double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /tɕ͈/, /s͈/. Its official use in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_IPA" title="Extensions to the IPA">Extensions to the IPA</a> is for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">'strong'</a> articulation, but is used in the literature for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">faucalized voice</a>. The Korean consonants also have elements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a>, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a>
and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract
walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.
Sometimes the tense consonants are indicated with the apostrophe-like symbol <ʼ> symbolising glottalization, as in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Americanist_phonetic_notation" title="Americanist phonetic notation">Americanist phonetic notation</a>. This should not be confused with official IPA, as IPA <ʼ> represents the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective">ejective</a>
consonants, with their piston-like upward glottal movement and
non-pulmonic air pressure, which the Korean tense consonants do not
feature.
<a name="Vowels" id="Vowels"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>] Vowels</h2>
<table style="clear: both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="middle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_short_vowel_chart.png" class="image" title="The short vowel phonemes of Korean"><img alt="The short vowel phonemes of Korean" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Korean_short_vowel_chart.png" width="263" border="0" height="193"></a></td>
<td valign="middle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_long_vowel_chart.png" class="image" title="The long vowel phonemes of Korean"><img alt="The long vowel phonemes of Korean" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Korean_long_vowel_chart.png" width="280" border="0" height="193"></a></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_vowels.svg" class="image" title="The Korean vowels"><img alt="The Korean vowels" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Korean_vowels.svg/180px-Korean_vowels.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="180"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_vowels.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></a></div>
The Korean vowels</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="IPA wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Monophthongs</th>
<td>/i/ ㅣ, /e/ ㅔ, /ɛ/ ㅐ, /a/ ㅏ, /o/ ㅗ, /u/ ㅜ, /ʌ/ ㅓ, /ɯ/ ㅡ, /ø/ ㅚ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Vowels preceded by intermediaries, 
or Diphthongs</th>
<td>/je/ ㅖ, /jɛ/ ㅒ, /ja/ ㅑ, /wi/ ㅟ, /we/ ㅞ, /wɛ/ ㅙ, /wa/ ㅘ, /ɰi/ ㅢ, /jo/ ㅛ, /ju/ ㅠ, /jʌ/ ㅕ, /wʌ/ ㅝ</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
(/ɰi/ ㅢ is the only true diphthong in the Korean language.)[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]
<a name="Monophthongs" id="Monophthongs"></a>
<h3>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Monophthongs">edit</a>] Monophthongs</h3>
Korean has 8 different vowel qualities and a length distinction for each. Two more vowels, the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">close-mid front rounded vowel</a> (IPA: /ø/, Hangul: ㅚ) and the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">close front rounded vowel</a> (IPA: /y/, Hangul: ㅟ),[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] can still be heard in the speech of some older speakers, but they have been largely replaced by the diphthongs and respectively. In a 2003 survey of 350 speakers from Seoul, nearly 90% pronounced the vowel 'ㅟ' as .
Length distinction is almost completely lost; length distinction for
all vowels can still be heard from older speakers, but almost all
younger speakers either do not distinguish length consistently or do
not distinguish it at all. The distinction between /e/ and /ɛ/
is another decreasing element in the speech of some younger speakers,
mostly in the area of Seoul, whereas in other dialectal areas the two
vowels can be distinctly heard. For those speakers who do not make the
difference seems to be the dominant form. Long /ʌː/ is actually [əː] for most speakers.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_note-IPA_handbook-0" title=""></a>
<table class="IPA wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Short vowel</th>
<th>Long vowel</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/i/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5" title="wikt:시장" class="extiw">시장</a> (sijang [ɕiˈdʑaŋ], 'hunger')</td>
<td>/iː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%EC%9E%A5" title="wikt:시장" class="extiw">시장</a> (sijang [ˈɕiːdʑaŋ], 'market')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/e/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EA%B0%9C" title="wikt:베개" class="extiw">베개</a> (begae , 'pillow')</td>
<td>/eː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EB%8B%A4" title="wikt:베다" class="extiw">베다</a> (beda [ˈpeːda], 'cut')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/ɛ/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EC%96%91" title="wikt:태양" class="extiw">태양</a> (taeyang , 'sun')</td>
<td>/ɛː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%ED%83%9C%EB%8F%84" title="wikt:태도" class="extiw">태도</a> (taedo, [ˈtʰɛːdo], 'attitude')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/a/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90" title="wikt:말" class="extiw">말</a> (mal [ˈmal], 'horse')</td>
<td>/aː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%A7%90" title="wikt:말" class="extiw">말</a> (mal [ˈmaːl], 'word, language')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/o/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EB%A6%AC" title="wikt:보리" class="extiw">보리</a> (bori , 'barley')</td>
<td>/oː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%EC%88%98" title="wikt:보수" class="extiw">보수</a> (bosu [ˈpoːsu], 'salary')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/u/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B5%AC%EB%A6%AC" title="wikt:구리" class="extiw">구리</a> (guri , 'copper')</td>
<td>/uː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EB%B0%95" title="wikt:수박" class="extiw">수박</a> (subak [ˈsuːbak], 'watermelon')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/ʌ/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C" title="wikt:벌" class="extiw">벌</a> (beol [ˈpʌl], 'punishment')</td>
<td>/əː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EB%B2%8C" title="wikt:벌" class="extiw">벌</a> (beol [ˈpəːl], 'bee')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/ɯ/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%96%B4%EB%A5%B8" title="wikt:어른" class="extiw">어른</a> (eoreun [ˈəːɾɯn], 'seniors')</td>
<td>/ɯː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%8B%9D" title="wikt:음식" class="extiw">음식</a> (eumsik [ˈɯːmɕik], 'food')</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>/ø/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EA%B5%90%ED%9A%8C" title="wikt:교회" class="extiw">교회</a> (gyohoe [ˈkjoːhwe, ˈkjoːhø, ], 'church')</td>
<td>/øː/ <a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%ED%88%AC" title="wikt:외투" class="extiw">외투</a> (oetu [ˈweːtʰu, ˈøːtʰu], 'overcoat')<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_note-IPA_handbook-0" title=""></a></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<a name="Diphthongs_and_glides" id="Diphthongs_and_glides"></a>
<h3>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Diphthongs and glides">edit</a>] Diphthongs and glides</h3>
/j/ and /w/ are considered to be components of diphthongs rather than separate consonant phonemes.
<table class="IPA wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="5">j</th>
<th colspan="5">w</th>
<th colspan="5">ɰ</th>
</tr>
<tr>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td>wi</td>
<td></td>
<td>뒤</td>
<td>dwi</td>
<td>'back'</td>
<td>ɰi</td>
<td>[ˈɰisa]</td>
<td>의사</td>
<td>uisa</td>
<td>'doctor'</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>je</td>
<td>[ˈjeːsan]</td>
<td>예산</td>
<td>yesan</td>
<td>'budget'</td>
<td>we</td>
<td></td>
<td>궤</td>
<td>gwe</td>
<td>'chest' or 'box'</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>jɛ</td>
<td>[ˈjɛːgi]</td>
<td>얘기</td>
<td>yaegi</td>
<td>'story'</td>
<td>wɛ</td>
<td></td>
<td>왜</td>
<td>wae</td>
<td>'why'</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ja</td>
<td>[ˈjaːgu]</td>
<td>야구</td>
<td>yagu</td>
<td>'baseball'</td>
<td>wa</td>
<td></td>
<td>과일</td>
<td>gwail</td>
<td>'fruit'</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>jo</td>
<td>[ˈkjoːsa]</td>
<td>교사</td>
<td>gyosa</td>
<td>'teacher'</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ju</td>
<td></td>
<td>유리</td>
<td>yuri</td>
<td>'glass'</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>jʌ</td>
<td></td>
<td>여기</td>
<td>yeogi</td>
<td>'here'</td>
<td>wʌ</td>
<td></td>
<td>뭐</td>
<td>mwo</td>
<td>'what'<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_note-IPA_handbook-0" title=""></a></td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<a name="Distribution_of_allophones" id="Distribution_of_allophones"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Distribution of allophones">edit</a>] Distribution of allophones</h2>
|s| becomes an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> [ɕ] before or for most speakers (but see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_in_the_language_between_North_Korea_and_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Differences in the language between North Korea and South Korea">Differences in the language between North Korea and South Korea</a>).
This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At
the end of a syllable, |s| is realized as /t/ (Example: beoseot (버섯)
'mushroom').
|h| may become a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> [ɸ] before or , a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> [ç] before or , a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> before [ɯ], a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a elsewhere.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It aspirates a following stop.
Traditionally, |l| was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before /j/, and otherwise became /n/. However, the inflow of western loanword changed the trend, and now word-initial |l| (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or . The traditional prohibition of word-initial |l|
became a morphological rule called "initial law" (두음법칙) in South Korea,
which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their
word-initial |l| in North Korea.
/kʰ/ can appear together with fricatives in front of [ɯ] or , as and .
All <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (plosives, affricates, fricatives) are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_stop" title="Unreleased stop">unreleased</a> at the end of a word.
Plosive stops |p, t, k| become nasal stops /m, n, ŋ/ before nasal stops.
Some of these phonetic <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assimilation_%28linguistics%29" title="Assimilation (linguistics)">assimilation</a> rules can be seen in the following:
<ul><li>|tɕoŋlo| is pronounced </li><li>|hankukmal| as </li></ul>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>.
One difference between the pronunciation standards of North and South Korea is the treatment of initial |l| and /n/. For example,
<ul><li>"labour" - north: rodong (로동), south: nodong (노동)</li><li>"history" - north: ryŏksa (력사), south: yeoksa (역사)</li><li>"female" - north: nyŏja (녀자), south: yeoja (여자)</li></ul>
<a name="Phonotactics" id="Phonotactics"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Phonotactics">edit</a>] Phonotactics</h2>
Korean syllables may not start or end with <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>,
except in a few cases. Consequently, consonant clusters in Korean are
usually limited to sequences of two consonants where two syllables have
been joined.
Only seven consonant allophones are found at the end of utterances: . Utterance-final plosives are all <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_stop" title="Unreleased stop">unreleased</a>.
The combinations /jw, wj, ji, jɯ, wu, wɯ, wo/ are not allowed and it is impossible to write them using standard Hangul.<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_note-1" title=""></a>
<a name="Vowel_harmony" id="Vowel_harmony"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowel harmony">edit</a>] Vowel harmony</h2>
<table class="wikitable" style="margin-left: 10px;" align="right">
<caption>Korean Vowel Harmony</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th rowspan="2">Positive/"light"/Yang Vowels</th>
<td>ㅏ (a)</td>
<td>ㅑ (ya)</td>
<td>ㅗ (o)</td>
<td>ㅛ (yo)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅐ (ae)</td>
<td>ㅘ (wa)</td>
<td>ㅚ (oe)</td>
<td>ㅙ (wae)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2">Negative/"heavy"/Yin Vowels</th>
<td>ㅓ (eo)</td>
<td>ㅕ (yeo)</td>
<td>ㅜ (u)</td>
<td>ㅠ (yu)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>ㅔ (e)</td>
<td>ㅝ (wo)</td>
<td>ㅟ (wi)</td>
<td>ㅞ (we)</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Neutral/Centre Vowels</th>
<td>ㅡ (eu)</td>
<td>ㅣ (i)</td>
<td colspan="2">ㅢ (ui)</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
Traditionally, the Korean language has had strong <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>; that is, in pre-modern Korean, as in most Altaic languages, not only did the inflectional and derivational affixes (such as <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postposition" class="mw-redirect" title="Postposition">postpositions</a>)
change in accordance to the main root vowel, but native words also
adhered to vowel harmony. It is not as prevalent in modern usage,
although it remains strong in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onomatopoeia" title="Onomatopoeia">onomatopoeia</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjectives</a> and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adverb" title="Adverb">adverbs</a>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interjections" class="mw-redirect" title="Interjections">interjections</a>, and <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugation</a>. There are also other traces of vowel harmony in Korean.
There are three classes of vowels in Korean: positive, negative, and
neutral. The vowel eu is considered partially a neutral and negative
vowel. The vowel classes loosely follow the negative and positive
vowels; they also follow orthography. Exchanging positive vowels with
negative vowels usually creates different nuances of meaning, with
positive vowels sounding diminutive and negative vowels sounding crude.
Some examples:
<ul><li>Onomatopoeia:
<ul><li>퐁당퐁당 (pongdangpongdang) and 풍덩풍덩 (pungdeongpungdeong), light and heavy water splashing</li></ul>
</li><li>Emphasised adjectives:
<ul><li>노랗다 (norata) means plain yellow, while its negative, 누렇다 (nureota) means very yellow</li><li>파랗다 (parata) means plain blue, while its negative, 퍼렇다 (peoreota) means deep blue</li></ul>
</li><li>Particles at the end of verbs:
<ul><li>잡다 (japda) (to catch) → 잡았다 (Jabatda) (caught)</li><li>접다 (jeopda) (to fold) → 접었다 (Jeobeotda) (folded)</li></ul>
</li><li>Interjections:
<ul><li>아이고 (aigo) and 어이구 (eoigu) expressing surprise, discomfort or sympathy</li><li>아하 (aha) and 어허 (eoheo) expressing sudden realization and mild objection, respectively</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<a name="Pitch_accent" id="Pitch_accent"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pitch accent">edit</a>] Pitch accent</h2>
Standard Seoul Korean only uses pitch for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prosody" title="Prosody">prosodic</a> purposes. However, several dialects outside Seoul retain the Middle Korean <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitch_accent" title="Pitch accent">pitch accent</a>
system. In the dialect of Northern Gyeongsang, in southeastern South
Korea, any syllable may have pitch accent in the form of a high tone,
as may the two initial syllables. For example, in trisyllabic words,
there are four possible tone patterns:<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_note-2" title=""></a>
<ul><li> ('daughter-in-law')</li><li>[ə.mú.i] ('mother')</li><li> ('native speaker')</li><li>[ó.ɾé.pi] ('elder brother')</li></ul>
<a name="References" id="References"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>] References</h2>
<div class="references-small">
<ol class="references"><li id="cite_note-IPA_handbook-0">^ <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_ref-IPA_handbook_0-0" title="">a</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_ref-IPA_handbook_0-1" title="">b</a> <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_ref-IPA_handbook_0-2" title="">c</a> <cite class="book" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a> (1999). Handbook of the International Phonetic Association. Cambridge University Press, pp. 120–122. <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521637511" class="internal">ISBN 0-521-63751-1</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+International+Phonetic+Association&rft.au=International+Phonetic+Association&rft.date=1999&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.pages=pp.+120%E2%80%93122&rft.isbn=0-521-63751-1"> </li><li id="cite_note-1"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_ref-1" title="">^</a> Note: While 워 is romanized as wo, it does not represent /wo/.</li><li id="cite_note-2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology#cite_ref-2" title="">^</a> The Prosodic Structure and Pitch Accent of Northern Kyungsang Korean, Jun et al., JEAL 2005</li></ol>
</div>
<a name="See_also" id="See_also"></a>
<h2>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_phonology&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>] See also</h2>
<ul><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li><li><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">Revised Romanization of Korean</a></li></ul>
<table class="navbox" style="" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="padding: 2px;">
<table id="collapsibleTable0" class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse" style="background: transparent none repeat scroll 0% 0%; width: 100%; -moz-background-clip: -moz-initial; -moz-background-origin: -moz-initial; -moz-background-inline-policy: -moz-initial; color: inherit;" cellspacing="0">
<tbody><tr>
<th style="" colspan="2" class="navbox-title">[<a href="javascript:collapseTable(0);" id="collapseButton0">hide</a>]
<div style="float: left; width: 6em; text-align: left;">
<div class="noprint plainlinksneverexpand" style="border: medium none ; padding: 0pt; background-color: transparent; white-space: nowrap; font-weight: normal; font-size: xx-small;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Language_phonologies" title="Template:Language phonologies">v</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Language_phonologies" title="Template talk:Language phonologies">d</a> • <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Language_phonologies&action=edit" class="external text" title="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Language_phonologies&action=edit" rel="nofollow">e</a></div>
</div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonologies</a> of the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages">world's languages</a></th>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 2px;">
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding: 0px; width: 100%;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd">
<div style="padding: 0em 0.25em;">
<div>
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abkhaz_phonology" title="Abkhaz phonology">Abkhaz</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arabic_phonology" title="Arabic phonology">Arabic</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belarusian_phonology" title="Belarusian phonology">Belarusian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_phonology" title="Bengali phonology">Bengali</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan_phonology" title="Catalan phonology">Catalan</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czech_phonology" title="Czech phonology">Czech</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_phonology" title="Danish phonology">Danish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_phonology" title="Dutch phonology">Dutch</a> · English: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English_phonology" title="Old English phonology">Old</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_phonology" title="English phonology">Modern</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_English_phonology" title="Australian English phonology">Australian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanto_phonology" title="Esperanto phonology">Esperanto</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finnish_phonology" title="Finnish phonology">Finnish</a> · French: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_phonology" title="French phonology">Standard</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_French_phonology" title="Quebec French phonology">Quebec</a> · German: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernese_German_phonology" title="Bernese German phonology">Bernese</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_phonology" title="German phonology">Standard</a> · Greek: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek_phonology" title="Koine Greek phonology">Koine</a>/<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gujarati_phonology" title="Gujarati phonology">Gujarati</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawaiian_phonology" title="Hawaiian phonology">Hawaiian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrew_phonology" title="Hebrew phonology">Hebrew</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindi-Urdu_phonology" title="Hindi-Urdu phonology">Hindi-Urdu</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_phonology" title="Hungarian phonology">Hungarian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icelandic_phonology" title="Icelandic phonology">Icelandic</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inuit_phonology" title="Inuit phonology">Inuit</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_phonology" title="Irish phonology">Irish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_phonology" title="Italian phonology">Italian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanese_phonology" title="Japanese phonology">Japanese</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiowa_phonology" title="Kiowa phonology">Kiowa</a> · Korean · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_spelling_and_pronunciation" title="Latin spelling and pronunciation">Latin</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonian_phonology" title="Macedonian phonology">Macedonian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahal_phonology" title="Mahal phonology">Mahal</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mapudungun_phonology" title="Mapudungun phonology">Mapudungun</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marathi_phonology" title="Marathi phonology">Marathi</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navajo_phonology" title="Navajo phonology">Navajo</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_phonology" title="Norwegian phonology">Norwegian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojibwe_phonology" title="Ojibwe phonology">Ojibwe</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persian_phonology" title="Persian phonology">Persian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_phonology" title="Polish phonology">Polish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portuguese_phonology" title="Portuguese phonology">Portuguese</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_phonology" title="Proto-Indo-European phonology">Proto-Indo-European</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_phonology" title="Romanian phonology">Romanian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_phonology" title="Russian phonology">Russian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesotho_phonology" title="Sesotho phonology">Sesotho</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somali_phonology" title="Somali phonology">Somali</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_phonology" title="Spanish phonology">Spanish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_phonology" title="Swedish phonology">Swedish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tagalog_phonology" title="Tagalog phonology">Tagalog</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamil_phonology" title="Tamil phonology">Tamil</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taos_phonology" title="Taos phonology">Taos</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkish_phonology" title="Turkish phonology">Turkish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubykh_phonology" title="Ubykh phonology">Ubykh</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ukrainian_phonology" title="Ukrainian phonology">Ukrainian</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_phonology" title="Vietnamese phonology">Vietnamese</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Welsh_phonology" title="Welsh phonology">Welsh</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yiddish_phonology" title="Yiddish phonology">Yiddish</a> · <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuni_phonology" title="Zuni phonology">Zuni</a>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>




<div class="printfooter">
Retrieved from "<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology</a>"</div>
<div id="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Language_phonologies" title="Category:Language phonologies">Language phonologies</a> | <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Korean_language" title="Category:Korean language">Korean language</a></div><div id="mw-normal-catlinks"> <div class="pBody">
 <ul><li class="interwiki-ko"><a href="http://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EC%96%B4_%EC%9D%8C%EC%9A%B4%EB%A1%A0">한국어</a></li><li class="interwiki-ja"><a href="http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E%E3%81%AE%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BB">日本語</a></li></ul>
 </div> </div>

[ 本帖最後由 penkyamp 於 2008-8-17 04:36 編輯 ]

penkyamp 發表於 2008-8-17 04:37:50

<h2>Phonology</h2> <ul><li class="interwiki-wuu"><a href="http://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%B2%9C%E8%AF%AD">吴语</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh-yue"><a href="http://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E6%96%87">粵語</a></li><li class="interwiki-zh"><a href="http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%9D%E9%AE%AE%E8%AA%9E">中文</a></li></ul> 
<div class="boilerplate metadata ipanotice" style="border: 1px solid rgb(170, 170, 170); margin: 0.5em; padding: 0pt 0.5em; float: right; clear: right; width: 15em; background-color: rgb(243, 249, 255); font-size: 80%;">
Note: This page or section contains <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols in <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a>. See <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA" class="mw-redirect">Help:IPA</a> for a pronunciation key.
</div>
<dl><dd>
<div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_phonology" title="Korean phonology">Korean phonology</a></div>
</dd></dl>
<a name="Consonants" id="Consonants"></a>
<h3>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Consonants">edit</a>] Consonants</h3>
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_consonants.svg" class="image" title="The Korean consonants"><img alt="The Korean consonants" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Korean_consonants.svg/180px-Korean_consonants.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="222"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_consonants.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></a></div>
The Korean consonants</div>
</div>
</div>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2"> </th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- 
alveolar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></th>
<th><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></th>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%81" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅁ">ㅁ</a> /m/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B4" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄴ">ㄴ</a> /n/</td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%87" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅇ">ㅇ</a> /ŋ/ (syllable-final)</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="3"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plosive_consonant" title="Plosive consonant" class="mw-redirect">Plosive</a> 
and 
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affricate_consonant" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a></th>
<th>plain</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅂ">ㅂ</a> /p/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B7" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄷ">ㄷ</a> /t/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%88" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅈ">ㅈ</a> /ʧ/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄱ">ㄱ</a> /k/</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>tense</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%83" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅃ">ㅃ</a> /p͈/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B8" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄸ">ㄸ</a> /t͈/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%89" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅉ">ㅉ</a> /ʧ͈/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄲ">ㄲ</a> /k͈/</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>aspirated</th>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅍ">ㅍ</a> /pʰ/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8C" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅌ">ㅌ</a> /tʰ/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8A" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅊ">ㅊ</a> /ʧʰ/</td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8B" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅋ">ㅋ</a> /kʰ/</td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th rowspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fricative_consonant" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a></th>
<th>plain</th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%85" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅅ">ㅅ</a> /s/</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%8E" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅎ">ㅎ</a> /h/</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>tense</th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%85%86" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㅆ">ㅆ</a> /s͈/</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a></th>
<td> </td>
<td><a href="http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%84%B9" class="extiw" title="wikt:ㄹ">ㄹ</a> /l/</td>
<td> </td>
<td> </td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
The <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> symbol <◌͈> (a subscript double straight quotation mark, shown here with a placeholder circle) is used to denote the tensed consonants /p͈/, /t͈/, /k͈/, /ʨ͈/, /s͈/. Its official use in the <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extensions_to_the_IPA" title="Extensions to the IPA">Extensions to the IPA</a> is for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortis_and_lenis" title="Fortis and lenis">'strong'</a> articulation, but is used in the literature for <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">faucalized voice</a>. The Korean consonants also have elements of <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">stiff voice</a>, but it is not yet known how typical this is of faucalized consonants. They are produced with a partially constricted <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">glottis</a>
and additional subglottal pressure in addition to tense vocal tract
walls, laryngeal lowering, or other expansion of the larynx.
<a name="Vowels" id="Vowels"></a>
<h3>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Vowels">edit</a>] Vowels</h3>
<table style="clear: both;">
<tbody><tr>
<td valign="middle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_short_vowel_chart.png" class="image" title="The short vowel phonemes of Korean"><img alt="The short vowel phonemes of Korean" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Korean_short_vowel_chart.png" width="263" border="0" height="193"></a></td>
<td valign="middle"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_long_vowel_chart.png" class="image" title="The long vowel phonemes of Korean"><img alt="The long vowel phonemes of Korean" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Korean_long_vowel_chart.png" width="280" border="0" height="193"></a></td>
<td valign="bottom">
<div class="thumb tright">
<div class="thumbinner" style="width: 182px;"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_vowels.svg" class="image" title="The Korean vowels"><img alt="The Korean vowels" src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Korean_vowels.svg/180px-Korean_vowels.svg.png" class="thumbimage" width="180" border="0" height="180"></a>
<div class="thumbcaption">
<div class="magnify"><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Korean_vowels.svg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"><img src="http://en.wikipedia.org/skins-1.5/common/images/magnify-clip.png" alt="" width="15" height="11"></a></div>
The Korean vowels</div>
</div>
</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<table class="IPA wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Monophthongs</th>
<td>/i/ ㅣ, /e/ ㅔ, /ɛ/ ㅐ, /a/ ㅏ, /o/ ㅗ, /u/ ㅜ, /ʌ/ ㅓ, /ɯ/ ㅡ, /ø/ ㅚ</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<th>Vowels preceded by intermediaries, 
or Diphthongs</th>
<td>/je/ ㅖ, /jɛ/ ㅒ, /ja/ ㅑ, /wi/ ㅟ, /we/ ㅞ, /wɛ/ ㅙ, /wa/ ㅘ, /ɯi/ ㅢ, /jo/ ㅛ, /ju/ ㅠ, /jʌ/ ㅕ, /wʌ/ ㅝ</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<a name="Phonology_2" id="Phonology_2"></a>
<h3>[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Korean_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phonology">edit</a>] Phonology</h3>
/s/ becomes an <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">alveolo-palatal</a> [ɕ] before or for most speakers (but see <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differences_in_the_language_between_North_Korea_and_South_Korea" title="Differences in the language between North Korea and South Korea" class="mw-redirect">Differences in the language between North Korea and South Korea</a>).
This occurs with the tense fricative and all the affricates as well. At
the end of a syllable, /s/ changes to /t/ (Example: beoseot (버섯)
'mushroom').
/h/ may become a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">bilabial</a> [ɸ] before or , a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">palatal</a> [ç] before or , a <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> before [ɯ], a voiced [ɦ] between voiced sounds, and a elsewhere.[<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]
/p, t, ʨ, k/ become voiced between voiced sounds.
/l/ becomes alveolar flap [ɾ] between vowels, and or [ɭ] at the end of a syllable or next to another /l/. Note that a written syllable-final 'ㄹ', when followed by a vowel or a glide (i.e., when the next character starts with 'ㅇ'), migrates to the next syllable and thus becomes [ɾ].
Traditionally, /l/ was disallowed at the beginning of a word. It disappeared before , and otherwise became /n/. However, the inflow of western loanword changed the trend, and now word-initial /l/ (mostly from English loanwords) are pronounced as a free variation of either [ɾ] or . The traditional prohibition of word-initial /l/
became a morphological rule called "initial law" (두음법칙) in South Korea,
which pertains to Sino-Korean vocabulary. Such words retain their
word-initial /l/ in North Korea.
All <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (plosives, affricates, fricatives) are <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unreleased_stop" title="Unreleased stop">unreleased</a> at the end of a word.
Plosive stops /p, t, k/ become nasal stops before nasal stops.
<a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a> spelling does not reflect these assimilatory pronunciation rules, but rather maintains the underlying <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology_%28linguistics%29" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>.
One difference between the pronunciation standards of North and South Korea is the treatment of initial , and initial . For example,
<ul><li>"labour" - north: rodong (로동), south: nodong (노동)</li><li>"history" - north: ryŏksa (력사), south: yeoksa (역사)</li><li>"female" - north: nyŏja (녀자), south: yeoja (여자)</li></ul>

頁: [1]

粵語協會's Archiver

韩语音标